1TC SB 


PRACTICAL 

ON  THE 

SALE    OF    PATENTS, 

WITH 

FORMS     OF     ASSIGNMENT,      LICENSE,     CON- 
TRACT,   POWER   OF  ATTORNEY  TO    SELL 
RIGHTS,  &c.  MANY  OF  THEM  ORIGINAL, 

AND 

INSTRUCTIONS    RELATIVE    THERETO, 

WITH 

HINTS   UPON    INVENTION, 

AND   TIIK 

UNITED    STATES   CENSUS. 


ATTORNEY  AT  LAW,  SOLICITOR  OF  PATENTS. 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 
HARTFORD,   CONN. 

1871. 


PRELIMINARY. 


Having  made  a  really  meritorious  invention,  and  having 
secured  a  patent  thereupon,  the  battle  of  the  inventor,  who  would 
sell  his  patent,  is  but  just  begun.  Heretofore  he  may  have  done 
some  good  skirmishing,  but  now  he  must  face  the  music  of  solid 
battle. 

All  along  till  now,  from  the  first  crude  conception  of  the 
invention,  on  through  its  various  stages  of  trial  and  experiment,  till 
the  device  stands  forth  completed,  and  yet  on  through  the  ordeal  of 
the  Patent  Office,  till  its  parchment,  ribbon  and  seal  assure  the 
inventor  of  its  protection,  he  is  usually  sustained  by  an  enthusiasm 
which  suffuses  his  whole  being  with  its  rosy  flush.  In  a  sort  of 
vague  way,  it  has,  all  along,  seemed  to  him  that  when  his  patent 
should  issue,  his  labors  wrould  be  clone,  and  he  would  thenceforth 
rest  on  his  well  earned  laurels.  Not  that  the  situation  has  thus  stood 
forth  in  his  mind,  clearly  and  sharply  defined,  for  it  rarely  occurs 
to  an  inventor  to  seriously  consider  upon  what  will  be  the  state  of 
affairs  at  this  juncture,  till  the  progress  of  events  brings  him  to  it, 
but  the  cloud  which  hovered  over  this  bit  of  promised  land  roughly 
assumed  this  shape. 

When  the  inventor  has  finally  received  his  patent,  and  read 
and  re-read  it  some  dozens  of  times,  it  begins  to  occur  to  him  that 
he  will  just  thrust  in  his  sickle  and  reap  a  little  of  the  golden  har- 
vest, which  imagination  has,  all  along,  been  sowing  for  him. 
Plainly,  he  looks  around  for  a  purchaser,  and  with  a  kind  of  aston- 
ishment, waking  up,  as  it  were,  from  a  dream,  he  finds  that  pur- 
chasers do  not  stand  around  ready  to  exchange  their  filthy  lucre  for 


his  invention.  Generally  unaccustomed  to  the  ways  of  business  ami 
of  business  men,  he  finds  himself,  in  a  short  time,  as  helpless  in  his 
endeavors  as  can  well  be  imagined.  He  does'not  know  what  class 
of  men  will  be  most  likely  to  take  an  interest  in  his  invention,  nor 
how  to  reach  them,  nor  what  to  say  to  them.  Not  rarety,  after  a 
year  or  so  of  this  blind  groping,  disgust  with  the  whole  thing  sets 
in,  and  the  inventor  renounces  this  and  all  other  inventions  forever. 
This  has  been  the  experience,  over  and  over  again,  of  thofi- 
sands  upon  thousands  of  inventors,  and  in  multitudes  of  cuscs 
where  a  purchaser  has  been  found,  the  invention  has  been  sold  to 
him  for  a  song,  and  the  buyer,  applying  business  principles  to  the 
management  of  the  invention,  lias  realized  the  lion's  share  of  the 
money  from  it. 

The  Patent  Oflice  Kepoitsare  full  of  useful  devices,  which 
have  never  been  introduced  into  the  markets  of  trade,  and  which,  it 
is  easy  to  say,  would  have  netted  their  inventors  considerable  sums 
of  money,  if  they  had  been  properly  brought  out  in  their  time. 

It  is  partly  with  the  purpose  of  indicating  to  this  class  of 
inventors  to  whom  they  should  present  their  patents  for  sale,  and 
how  to  present  them,  that  this  work  has  been  projected. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  all  inventions  are  salable,  or 
that  the  directions  hereinafter  contained  are  infallible!  Some 
inventions  are  very  far  from  being  improvements,  for  though  they 
may  be  very  ingenious,  yet  they  are  neither  simpler,  more  efficient 
or  cheaper  than  the  common  devices  in  use  for  the  same  purpose, 
and  consequently  there  is  no  money  in  them.  Suoii  inventions  may 
sometimes  be  sold  to  men  with  more  money  than  good  judgment, 
yet  the  cases  where  this  can  occur  are  so  few,  that  it  is  not  worth 
while  to  place  any  dependence  upon  them. 

It  is,  however,  believed  that  a  person  will  rarely  fail  to  dis- 
pose of  an  invention  of  any  merit,  if  he  takes  the  pains  to  under- 
stand and  intelligently  act  upon  the  suggestions  hereinafter  con- 
tained. 


PATENT     BROKERS. 

Almost,  if  not  quite,  every  issue  of  various  scientific  and 
mechanical  periodicals  are  adorned  with  the  advertisements  of  par- 
ties who  hold  themselves  out  as  making  a  business  of  buying  and 
selling  patents,  almost  always  strictly  "  on  commission."  The  fol- 
lowing, omitting  names  and  localities,  is  the  actual  advertisement 
of  such  a  party,  as  it  appeared  from  week  to  week  : 

"  PATENT  RIGHTS  SOLD  ON  COMMISSION, 

And  Valuable  Inventions  introduced  by  the  most  experienced  Pat- 
ent Salesmen  in  the  Union.  *  *  *  No  CHARGE  FOR  OUR  SERVI- 
CES, UNLESS  SUCCESSFUL,"  etc. 

This  is  a  fair  sample  of  a  whole  class  of  advertisements. 
A  letter  addressed  to  one  of  these  advertisers  elicited  the  fol- 
lowing reply  : 

"  Dear  Sir  : 

Your  favor  of  the  2d  is  received.  We  charge  from  $50  to 
$250  for  expenses  of  negotiating  Patents,  and  10  to  15  per  cent  for 
commission.  Yours,  truly, 


A  letter  sent  to  another  elicited  the  following  reply  : 

Dear  Sir  : 

Your  favor  of  the  1th  is  received.  We  have  been  so  taken 
up  with  other  matters,  have  scarcely  had  time  to  reply.  Our  terms 
require  the  patentee  to  furnish  $100,  with  ichich  to  advertise  his 
patent,  furnish  one  perfect  model  or  drawing,  and  allow  us  forty- 
five  days  within  which  to  make  the  sale,''  etc.,  etc. 
Yours,  Respectfully, 


Similar  answers  were  received  to  letters  written  to  others  of 
these  brokers.  They  were  invariably  accompanied  by  circulars, 
describing  in  glowing  term?  the  advantages  the  senders  were  able  to 


offer.  There  was  a  striking  similarity  among  these  circulars,  and, 
in  one  case,  two  were  found,  parts  of  which  were  identically  the 
same,  word  for  word,  although  they  issued  from  ofliees  more  th;m 
a  thousand  miles  apart. 

It  will  be  observed  that  these  patent  brokers  always  advertise 
to  sell  on  commission.  Their  letters  and  circulars  disclose  that  there 
is  always  an  advance  fee,  varying  from  $25.00  to  .*2.".0.00,  which 
can  hardly  be  said  to  be  in  conformity  with  the  terms  of  the  adver- 
tisements. Commission  houses  engaged  in  the  sale  of  other  articles 
always  pay  their  own  expenses,  and  not  un  frequently  advance 
money  upon  goods  consigned  them,  before  they  are  sold.  For  a 
patent  broker  to  first  advertise  to  sell  patents  on  commission,  and 
then,  afterwards,  to  charge  an  advance  fee,  ought,  at  least,  to  sub- 
ject him  to  suspicion. 

Another  thing — it  is  difficult  to  see  what  advantages  a  patent 
broker  can  have  over  the  patentee,  if  the  latter  is  once  made  ac- 
quainted with  the  way  to  reach  probable  customers.  The  broker 
certainly  cannot  understand  the  nature  of  the  invention  better  than 
the  inventor,  and  besides,  as  the  buyer  well  knows  that  the  broker 
must  have  a  large  commission  from  the  price  realized,  he  has  an 
'incentive  to  buy  from  the  inventor,  and  save  this  commission. 

The  broker  will  probably  claim — 

FIRST,  that  by  education  and  experience,  be  is  better  qual- 
,  ified  than  inventors  in  general,  to  set  forth  the  advantages  of  the 
invention,  and  the  profits  to  be  derived  therefrom  ;  and, 

SECOND,  that  he  keeps  an  open  office,  at  a  settled  place, 
where  a  person  seeking  investments  in  patents  may  come,  examine, 
and  select. 

To  the  first  argument  it  may  be  replied,  that  the  ability  to 
well  set  forth  the  advantages  of  an  invention  is  not  necessarily  inci- 
dent to  the  occupation  of  a  patent  broker  ;  and  to  the  second  argu- 
ment it  may  be  replied  that  the  legitimate  market  for  inventions  is 
found  among  those  who  are  engaged  in  manufacturing  or  selling 


articles  akin  to  the  invention  on  sale,  and  that  this  class  of  men 
will,  as  a  rule,  display  their  usual  shrewdness,  and  much  prefer  to 
deal  with  the  inventor,  at  first  hand,  and  thus  save  the  heavy  com- 
mission, which  they  well  know  the  broker  must  receive. 

The  sum  of  money  which  these  brokers  require  as  an  advance 
fee,  will,  in  most  cases,  pay  all  the  expense  of  presenting  an  inven- 
tion to  all  that  class  of  persons  who  will  be  likely  to  buy  it,  which 
is  all  that  the  brokers  will  promise  to  do,  and  the  invention  is, 
meanwhile,  entirely  within  the  control  of  the  inventor. 

These  remarks  are  based  upon  the  supposition  that  the 
advance  fee  paid  to  the  broker  is  wholly  and  honestly  appropri- 
ated for  advertising,  etc.,  about  which  a  person  is  justified  in  enter- 
taining grave  doubts. 

At  any  rate,  it  is  better  for  the  inventor  to  wait  till  he  has 
exhausted  all  the  unequivocal  resources  at  command,  before  resort- 
ing to  this. 


PREREQUISITES. 


1.     MODELS. 

It  is  absolutely  necessary,  in  offering  a  patented  invention 
for  sale,  to  have  one  or  more  perfect  working  models.  If  the 
invention  is  a  machine,  and  not  too  large  and  costly,  and  it  is 
within  the  inventor's  means,  he  should  construct,  or  have  con- 
structed, at  least  one  full  sized  machine  that  will  work  to  perfec- 


10 

tion.  If,  beyond  question,  the  machine  is  too  costly  to  allow  of  the 
inventor's  building  one,  then  he  should  have  in  its  place  complete, 
artistic  drawings  in  elevation,  plan  and  detail. 

In  making  a  model,  it  is  not  enough  to  construct  a  rude 
device,  which,  in  a  halting  and  awkward  way,  will  illustrate  the 
principle  of  the  improvement.  The  machine  should  be  most  care- 
fully and  perfectly  made.  The  mass  of  minds  will  much  more 
readily  understand  and  appreciate  the  principle  of  the  machine  if 
the  mechanical  execution  is  perfect.  Whatever  the  after  made 
machines  may  be,  the  first  one  should  be  as  near  perfect  as  possible. 
The  inventor  will  usually  find  that,  at  his  best,  he  will  have  enough 
to  apologize  for,  without  being  responsible  for  poor  workmanship. 
It  is  much  easier  to  interest  a  crowd  in  a  fine  piece  of  mechanism, 
even  if  the  device  be  old,  than  in  a  new  but  roughly  made  inven- 
tion. The  tea,  coffee  and  spice  merchants  understand  this,  and 
take  advantage  of  it,  when  they  put  in  their  windows  handsome 
specimens  of  small  steam  engines,  which  are  supposed  to  be  always 
grinding  fragrant  Mocha  or  Old  Java,  the  merchants  well  knowing 
that  halt  the  people  who  go  by  will  take  a  look  at  the  polished  and 
painted  machinery,  and  will  thereby  be  drawn  to  look  at  their  mer- 
chandise, 

If  the  invention  is  a  small  article,  as  a  shirt  stud,  a  mouse 
trap,  a  toy,  or  a  clothes  line  holder,  it  is  best  for  the  inventor  to 
have  quite  a  number  made,  that  he  may  send  samples  to  those  who 
may  become  interested  in  the  invention,  if  it  should  be  found 
desirable.  If  the  invention  is  a  new  compound,  or  a  new  proerss, 
the  inventor  must  provide  materials,  etc.,  for  explaining  and  illus- 
trating the  process, 'or  the  effects  of  the  new  compound. 

,      2.     FIRST    COST. 

Another  necessity,  in  offering  a  patent  for  fale,  is  to  be  able 
to  show  just  what  the  first  cost  of  the  article  is.  If  the  invention  is 
some  complicated  and  costly  machine,  the  inventor  must  show, 


11 

either  from  his  own  knowledge,  or  the  calculations  of  some  compe- 
tent person,  what  is  its  first  cost. 

A  competent  person  would  be  a  civil  or  mechanical  engineer, 
or  a  machinist,  or  other  mechanic  of  experience  in  constructing 
other  machines  of  the  same  general  nature.  If  a  responsible  party 
•  •an  IK:  found,  who  will  agree  to  furnish  the  machine  well  made,  for 
some  certain  sum  apiece,  this  is  an  important  item  to  be  had. 

If  the  invention  is  some  small  device,  and  not  costly,  the 
inventor  should  have  some  dozens,  or,  better  still,  a  few  hun- 
dreds of  them  made,  so  as  to  get  at  the  exact  first  cost.  To  find  a 
responsible  party,  who  will  undertake  to  make  the  articles  for  a 
certain  sum  per  hundred,  per  gross,  or  per  thousand,  is  also  impor- 
tant here.  The  difference  of  two  or  three  cents,  in  the  first  cost  of 
small  articles  of  general  use,  often  determines  who  shall  command 
the  market ;  in  other  words,  who  shall  make  money  from  the  man- 
ufacture, and  who  shall  lose. 

If  the  invention  is  a  new  process,  the  inventor  must  be 
amply  prepared  to  show  the  cost  of  his  process,  as  compared  with 
that  in  common  use  for  the  same,  or  similar  purpose. 

3.   THE  PROFIT 

The  profit  made  on  a  single  article  is,  of  course,  the  differ- 
ence between  the  first  cost  and  the  retail  price  at  which  it  is  finally 
sold  to  the  consumer.  To  determine  the  amount  of  this  profit  upon 
a  new  invention  is  a  necessary  thing,  before  offering  it  for  sale. 
The  whole  profit  is  divided  into  three,  and  sometimes  four  parts, 
viz.  the  manufacturer's  profit,  the  wholesale  dealer's  profit,  and  the 
retail  dealer's  profit.  The  manufacturer  sells  to  the  wholesale 
dealer,  the  wholesale  dealer  to  the  retail  dealer,  and  he  to  the  con- 
sumer. There  is,  sometimes,  intermediate  between  the  manufactu- 
rer and  wholesale  dealer,  the  jobber,  but  the  writer  fails  to  see  the 
use  of  such  an  intermediate,  and  if  he  is  made  use  of,  his  profit 
should  be  a  per  centage  on  the  profit  of  the  manufacturer,  so  that 


in  making  the  division  of  profits,  it  is  not  necessary  to  consider  tlie 
jobbber  at  all.  The  retail  price  of  the  article  should  be  fixed  as  is 
commensurate  with  the  allowance  of  fair  profits  to  each  of  these 
parties.  If  the  invention  is  an  improvement  upon  an  article  in 
common  use,  as  for  instance  a  flat  iron,  and  the  first  cost  of  the 
article  is  not  greater  than  the  first  cost  of  the  common  article,  then 
it  is  probably  best  to  adopt  just  the  scale  of  profits  which  obtains  in 
the  trade  with  regard  to  the  common  article.  An  inquiry  put  to  a 
friendly  dealer  in  the  articles  upon  which  the  invention  is  an 
improvement,  will  elicit  what  these  profits  are.  If  the  first  cost  is 
somewhat  greater,  then  the  retail  price  should  be  correspondingly 
advanced,  the  scale  of  profits  being  kept  at  about  the  same  ratio  of 
correspondence.  If  the  first  cost  is  less  than  that  of  the  common 
article,  it  is  probably  advisable  to  keep  the  retail  price  up  to  that  of 
the  common  article,  and  thus  give  larger  profits. 

There  is  no  general  correspondence  of  profits  to  these  three 
parties,  on  different  articles.  The  profits  on  different  manufac- 
tures differ  widely,  and  with  no  reference  whatever  to  a  common 
standard.  The  only  rule  that  can  be  given,  in  this  regard,  is,  1o 
ascertain  the  scale  of  prices  and  profits  which  prevail  from  the 
manufacturer  to  the  consumer,  in  the  trade,  upon  articles  which  are 
nearest  like  the  invention  under  consideration,  and  then  to  assimi- 
late, as  far  as  possible,  the  profits  upon  the  new  article  to  this 
scale,  varying,  however,  as  any  good  reason  may  dictate.  If  the 
invention  is  a  new  process,  the  inventor  must  be  prepared  to  show 
the  gain  in  using  the  new  process,  as  compared  with  the  old,  and 
the  increased  profit  secured  thereby.  The  same  is  true,  if  the  inven- 
tion is  a  new  machine  for  producing  an  old  article,  as,  for  instance, 
drain  tile. 

4.     THE    MARKET. 

Having  ascertained  the  first  cost  of  producing  the  article 
invented,  and  having  fixed  upon  the  profit  to  be  derived  from  a 


13 

single  article,  the  next  step  is  to  enquire  bow  extensive  a  market  is 
offered  to  the  invention. 

If  it  is  an  invention  useful  to  both  sexes,  to  children  and 
adults  alike,  it  will  have  for  a  market  the  whole  population  of  the 
United  States,  over  thirty-eight  millions  of  souls.  If  useful  to 
adult  males  only,  the  market  will  be  about  one-fourth  of  this  num- 
ber. This  thirty-eight  millions  of  population  is  composed,  roughly, 
of  males  and  females  in  about  equal  proportions,  and  each  of  these 
divisions  is  composed  of  about  one-half  adults  and  one-half  chil- 
dren, so  that,  if  the  invention  appeals  to  persons  irrespective  of 
their  avocations,  the  market  for  it  is  readily  computed.  If  the 
invention  is  one  which  will  be  useful  in  every  family,  the  market 
will  be  about  one-eighth  the  whole  number  of  souls,  as  on  an  aver- 
age there  are  about  eight  persons  in  a  family. 

The  full  census  report  for  1870  will  probably  contain  such 
full  statistics  of  the  different  trades,  professions  and  callings  of  the 
people  of  the  United  States,  that  there  can  be  readily  gathered  from 
it  how  many  there  are  of  any  class  or  classes  of  persons  to  whom 
an  invention  may  be  of  particular  utility,  and  the  whole  of  such 
class  or  classes  will  constitute  the  market  for  the  invention. 

Instead  of  being  directly  useful  to  any  class  of  persons,  an 
invention  may  be  an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  some  arti- 
cle, as  flour  barrels,  for  instance,  and  then  it  is  necessary  to  ascer- 
tain the  actual  annual  production  of  this  article  in  the  country  ;  or, 
it  may  be  an  improved  process,  say  of  smelting  iron,  and  then  it  is 
necessary  to  find  how  many  tons  of  iron  are  annually  smelted.  The 
census  of  1870  will  be  a  great  aid  in  ascertaining  most,  if  not  all  of 
this  information,  but  when  it  is  deficient,  the  librarian  of  almost 
any  public  library  can  direct  an  inventor  where  to  find  the  desired 
statistics  The  wants  which  inventions  are  designed  to  fill  are  so 
various,  and  the  statistics  which  would  answer  all  such  enquiries 
fill  so  many  pages,  that  it  is  impracticable  to  more  than  direct,  in 
this  book,  as  to  what  information  is  needed. 


14 

6ne  element  which  must  be  taken  into  account  in  determin- 
ing the  extent  of  the  market  for  a  new  invention,  if  it  is  an  article 
and  not  a  process,  is  its  durability.  If  the  article,  when  once  sold 
to  the  consumer,  will  last  him  for  ten  years,  of  course  the  market 
for  that  article  is  not  so  large  as  it  would  be,  if,  in  the  natural 
course  of  things,  it  would  last  but  a  short  time,  and  then  would 
require  to  be  renewed.  Having  ascertained  the  extent  of  the  market 
for  a  new  invention,  the  gross  profit  to  be  derived  from  it  can  be 
readily  computed,  by  multiplying  the  profit  upon  a  single  article  l>y 
the  whole  number  which  may  probably  be  sold. 

8.     CAPITAL   REQUIRED. 

If  the  amount  of  capital  required  to  develop  an  invention, 
and  introduce  it  to  the  public,  is  small,  this  will  be  an  additional 
argument  to  use  in  selling. 

6.     PRICE   TO   BE    ASKED. 

This  is  a  matter,  for  determining  which  no  absolute  and  defi- 
nite rule  can  be  given.  It  is  pretty  safe  to  say  that  inventors  arc 
rather  apt  to  overestimate  than  underestimate  the  value  of  their 
inventions,  Of  course,  the  more  profit  there  is  to  be  made  from  an 
invention,  and  the  larger  market  there  is  for  it,  the  more  valuable  it 
is.  If  it  appeals  to  but  a  small  and  widely  dispersed  class,  its  value 
will  be  less.  If  it  is  a  new  and  radical  improvement  in  the  manu- 
facture of  some  staple  article,  as  iron  or  steel,  like  the  Bessemer 
process,  for  instance,  a  half  million  dollars  would  be  a  moderate 
price  for  it.  If  a  meritorious  improvement  on  some  household 
article  in  general  use,  or  some  article  of  dress,  or  a  new  and  amus- 
ing toy,  a  few  thousands  might  be  a  fair  price.  Again,  if  a  really 
valuable  improvement  in  some  important  agricultural  implement,  as 
a  reaper  or  mower,  from  twenty  to  fifty  thousand  dollars  would 
probably  not  be  exorbitant.  In  no  case  can  an  inventor  expect  to 
get  but  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  his  invention,  as  shown  by  the 


15 

gross  profit  to  be  derived  from  it,  for  he  must  be  able  to  offer  the 
lion's  share  of  this  profit  to  the  purchaser,  as  an  inducement  to  buy  ; 
and,  besides,  the  purchaser  will  have  the  trouble  and  risk  of  making 
this  profit  piecemeal,  as  it  were,  from  the  actual  use  and  sale  of  the 
invention,  The  advice  of  friends  who  are  in  business,  especially  if 
their  business  is  such  as  to  make  them  conversant  with  the  market 
for  the  device  under  consideration,  will  be  of  great  value  in  fixing 
the  asking  price  for  a  patent.  Having  fixed  upon  this  asking  price, 
it  is  then  quite  safe  to  lessen  it  Ity  at  least  one-fourth  of  its  amount, 
and  on  this  basis  proceed. 

7.  THE  VALUE  OF  PARTS  OF  A  PATENT. 

Having  fixed  upon  the  gross  sum  to  be  asked  for  the  whole 
of  a  patent,  it  is  very  easy  to  determine  the  value  of  territorial 
rights  under  the  same.  If  the  whole  value  of  a  patent  is  ten  thou- 
sand dollars,  a  state  right  will  be  worth  just  such  a  part  of  the 
whole,  as  its  population  bears  ratio  to  the  population  of  the  whole 
country.  Take,  for  instance,  the  State  of  Connecticut.  Its  popu- 
lation is  about  five  hundred  and  forty  thousand,  while  the  whole 
population  of  the  United  States  is  about  thirty-eight  millions.  The 
value  of  the  right  for  this  State  will  be  arithmetically  expressed 
thus  •  ^r^v^  of  $10,000=$142.00  ;  or,  not  to  put  too  fine  a 

oo,  UUU  ,UOU 

point  upon  it,  $150.00.  But  the  inventor  cannot  afford  to  sell  one 
state  at  the  same  rate  that  he  would  sell  all  the  states  in  a  lump. 
The  price  for  a  single  state  should  be  double  of  the  exact  propor- 
tion which  the  one  State  bears  to  all  the  States  together,  so  that  the 
price  of  the  State  of  Connecticut  would  be  three  hundred  dollars. 
This  rule,  however,  should  not  be  stringently  applied  to  any  of  the 
Gulf  States,  nor  to  any  state  west  of  Missouri,  except  California, 
for  the  reason  that  these  excepted  states  are  not  as  much  interested 
in  manufacturing  as  are  their  sister  states,  and  for  some  other  rea. 
sons,  clo  not  offer  as  good  markets, 


16 

An  advance  of  fifty  per  cent  over  the  value,  as  determined  by 
the  population,  is  enough  to  put  upon  these  except e<l  states.  Ko 
advance  whatever,  over  this  value,  should  be  asked  for  territories. 
Having  ascertained  the  value  of  a  state  in  this  manner,  Hie  value  ol 
a  single  county  can  be  determined  in  precisely  the  same  way,  first 
finding  the  value  as  determined  by  the  ratio  the  population  of  the 
eounty  bears  to  the  population  of  the  whole  slate,  and  then  doub- 
ling the  sum.  The  value  of  a  town  may  be  determined  in  precisely 
the  same  Avay  from  the  value  of  a  county.  The  census  of  the 
United  States,  taken  in  Eighteen  Hundred  and  Seventy,  by  states  and 
counties,  will  be  found  further  along.  Those  who  desire  to  sell 
rights  for  towns,  will  have  to  procure  the  more  extended  eensu> 
report  for  this  purpose. 

8.     SHOP   RIGHTS. 

A  "shop  right,"  so  called,  is  the  right  to  use  the  patent  or 
manufacture  under  it.  at  some  shop  or  manufactory ;  it  may  be 
restricted  to  a  certain  place,  or  left  unrestricted.  It  cannot  be  con- 
sidered advisable  to  make  sales  of  this  kind  under  a  patent,  unless 
there  are  strong  reasons  why  the  territory  should  not  be  sold.  As 
such  a  right,  when  no  royalty  is  reserved,  is  liable  to  abuse,  it  is 
very  difficult  to  fix  upon  the  value  of  it,  for  although  a  factory  may 
have  been  doing  but  a  small  business,  previous  to  the  purchase  of 
the  shop  right,  the  factory  may  thereafter  expand  its  business,  so  as 
to  practically  interfere  with  sales  under  the  patent  in  all  parts  of 
the  country. 

A  shop  right  should  be  limited  to  a  certain  annual  production 
and  to  a  certain  place.  If  this  is  not  done,  an  effort  should  be  made 
to  ascertain  the  annual  production  ot  the  factory  to  which  the  sale 
is  to  be  made,  as  compared  with  the  like  product  of  the  whole 
country,  and  then  a  proportionate  price  should  be  fixed  upon  the 
shop  right,  doubling  the  value  as  shown  by  the  computation,  in  t In- 
same  manner  as  was  directed  for  fixing  the  value  of  state  rights. 


17 

There  are  some  kinds  of  patents  under  which  it  may  be  advisable 
to  sell  shop  rights ;  as,  for  instance,  an  improvement  in  the  manu- 
facture of  steel.  The  greater  part  of  all  the  establishments  for 
making  steel  will  be  found  congregated  in  three  or  four  manufac- 
turing centers,  and  the  proper  and  sensible  way  of  making  such  a 
patent  available  to  them,  is  to  sell  them  each  a  shop  right.  It  is  not 
difficult,  in  such  cases,  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  the  annual  pro- 
duction of  each  establishment,  and  tfiis  amount,  as  compared  with 
the  whole  annual  production  of  the  whole  country,  will  furnish  the 
basis  for  computing  the  value  of  the  shop  right,  provided,  of  course, 
that  the  gross  price  for  the  whole  patent  has  already  been  fixed 
upon. 

9.     ROYALTIES. 

A  royalty  is  a  duty  paid  by  one  who  uses  the  patent  of 
another,  at  a  certain  rate  for  each  article  or  quantity  manufactured, 
or  a  per  centage  upon  the  sales.  This  method  of  realizing  from  a 
patent  is,  perhaps,  the  commonest  of  any,  and  if  the  patent  is  a 
valuable  one,  and  the  party  who  manufactures  the  article  acts  in 
good  faith,  it  is  generally  the  most  profitable  for  the  patentee  in  the 
long  run.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  patent  is  of  doubtful  merit,  the 
patentee  better  sell  it  outright,  and  it  will  be  best  in  any  case,  if  a 
fair  price  can  be  realized,  for  both  parties  to  the  negotiation  will 
then  be  freed  from  any  danger  of  injury  happening  to  them  from 
the  bad  faith  of  the  other  party. 

The  royalty  to  be  asked,  where  a  patent  is  let  out  in  this  way, 
differs  very  much  with  the  article  which  is  the  subject  of  the 
patent.  If  the  patent  is  an  improvement  upon  an  article  of  staple 
manufacture,  it  is  best  to  keep  the  retail  price  as  low  as  possible, 
and  to  effect  this,  the  royalty  must  be  low,  varying  from  three  to 
five  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  the  sales.  On  large  and  heavy  ma- 
chinery, from  five  to  eight  per  cent  of  the  selling  price  is  perhaps 
a  fair  charge.  On  agricultural  machinery,  from  six  to  nine  would 


18 

not  be  unreasonable.  On  small  articles  of  jewelry,  fancy  articles, 
toys,  dress,  etc.,  etc.,  a  royalty  amounting  to  ten  percent  of  the 
gross  sales  is  not  too  much.  In  any  case,  it  is  not  best  to  leave  the 
manufacturer  free  to  make  as  many  or  as  few  as  he  chooses  of  the 
article,  for  he  may  choose  to  make  none,  and  then  the  patentee  will 
get  nothing,  and  the  manufacturer  will  still  retain  his  license.  All 
agreements  upon  royalty  should  contain  a  clause  that  if  a  manufac- 
turer shall  not  pay  royalty  vrpon  a  certain  minimum  number,  the 
patentee  shall  have  the  option  of  declaring  the  license  null  and  void. 

Forms  of  this  kind  will  be  found  further  on.  All  such  agree- 
ments should  also  contain  a  condition,  that  at  stated  times  the  man- 
ufacturer shall  render  to  the  patentee  a  true  and  exact  account 
of  all  the  patented  articles  made  and  sold  by  him,  since  the  last, 
account  and  payment,  to  which  account  the  patentee  shall  have  the 
right  to  require  the  oath  of  the  manufacturer,  and  that  if  then  the 
patentee  is  not  satisfied,  he  shall  have  the  right  to  view  the  manu- 
facturer's books. 

If  one  manufacturer  will  undertake  to  supply  the  whole 
market,  and  will  fix  the  minimum  royalty  which  he  must  pay 
sufficiently  high,  then  it  is  best  to  let  him  have  the  sole  right  to 
manufacture  ;  but  if  it  becomes  necessary  to  let  the  patent  out  to 
more  than  one,  then  the  minimum  amount  of  royalty  should  be 
fixed  upon  the  same  general  principle  as  followed  in  determining 
the  value  of  a  shop  right. 


ig 


TO  WHOM  TO  OFFER  THE  PATENT 
AND  HOW  TO  OFFER  IT. 

Having  settled  all  these  preliminary  matters,  and  having 
become  acquainted  with  the  nature  of  the  various  kinds  of  rights 
which  it  is  usual  to  dispose  of  under  patents,  the  next  question  to 
be  answered,  is,  "  What  class  of  persons  will  be  the  most  likely  to 
buy  the  patent,  or  rights  under  it."  To  this  the  answer  is  plain. 
If  it  is  an  article  in  distinction  from  a  process,  it  is  likely  to  be 
most  readily  sold  to  some  one  of  that  class  of  manufacturers  who 
are  making  articles  of  the  same  class  as  this.  "  HOWT  to  get  the 
names  and  addresses  of  all  of  such  a  class  ?"  Answer — there  are 
men  in  New  York  and  other  large  cities,  who  make  it  their  business 
to  furnish,  for  a  reasonable  consideration,  full  and  complete  lists  of 
all  parties  engaged  in  any  particular  trade,  occupation,  profession, 
or  manufacture  throughout  the  country.  The  inventor  has.  let  us 
suppose,  devised  a  new  and  useful  article  of  jewelry  for  gentlemen, 
say  a  shirt  stud  or  sleeve  button.  He,  of  course,  will  naturally  ex- 
pect to  sell  his  patent  to  some  manufacturing  jeweller,  and  accord- 
ingly he  will  procure,  from  one  of  these  agents  referred  to,  a  list  of 
all  such  parties,  either  in  some  particular  part  of  the  country,  or  in 
the  whole  country. 

It  is  not  generally,  advisable  to  procure  more  than  a  partial 
list,  at  first,  because  a  sale  may  be  made  to  one  of  these,  and  if  not, 
then  the  list  can  be  readily  enlarged,  from  time  to  time,  as  may 
become  desirable. 

Having  procured  such  a  list  of  parties,  the  next  thing  is  to 
properly  present  the  thing  to  them,  one  by  one  and  for  this  purpose 
it  is  advisable  to  prepare  a  circular,  bearing  a  good  "cut"  of  the 
invention,  if  it  be  susceptible  of  such  illustration,  and  containing  a 
concise,  but  very  careful  description  of  the  invention  and  its  opera- 
tion, setting  forth  its  advantages  over  the  common  article,  or  pro- 


20 

cess,  oil  which  it  is  an  improvement.  It  should  contain  a  careful 
statement  of  the  actual  first  cost  of  the  article  or  process,  supported 
by  facts  and  figures,  and  offers  of  responsible  parties,  if  any  have 
bc-en  made,  to  manufacture  at  such  prices.  It  should  also  show 
what  a  reasonable  retail  price  would  be,  as  governed  by  the  margins 
which  obtain  in  the  trade  for  similar  articles,  and  from  this  deduce 
the  profit  to  be  made  on  a  single  specimen.  It  should  further 
show,  by  actual  statistics,  taken  from  reliable  sources,  how  exten- 
sive a  market  is  offered  to  the  invention,  taking  into  account  the 
average  life  of  the  article  and  the  whole  duration  of  the  patent,  and 
from  this  should  be  computed  the  whole  sum  to  be  realized,  if  the 
whole  market  is  supplied.  This  figure  will  always  be  a  large  one, 
and  after  making  this  computation,  it  is  advisable  to  say,  in  sub- 
stance, as  follows; — "even  if  but  one-half  or  one-fourth  of  the 
whole  market  is  actually  supplied,  the  gross  profit  will  be,"  etc.,  etc. 
which,  being  a  reasonable  supposition,  can  hardly  fail  to  carry 
weight.  If  the  claim  in  the  patent  is  a  strong  one.  it  is  best  to 
insert  it  in  the  circular,  and  call  attention  to  its  strength. 

It  is,  probabty,  not  best  to  put  into  the  circular  the  terms 
upon  which  the  patent,  or  rights  under  it,  will  be  sold.  That  can 
be  better  set  forth  in  a  letter  to  accompany  the  circular.  The  fol- 
lowing circular,  founded  upon  an  imaginary  "Improved  Collar 
Stud,"  will  illustrate  the  general  method  to  be  followed  in  preparing 
such  a  circular. 


LETTKKS  PATENT  NO.  100,010.     DATED  JUNE  0,  1871. 

This  is  an  indispensable  article  of  a  gentleman's  toilet.  It  is 
not  only  a  perfect  collar  stud,  but  an  equally  perfect  tie  holder. 
All  who  have  ever  worn  a  •'  snap"  or  butterfly  tie — and  this  com- 
prises all  American  ?mn/kind—  are  well  aware  of  the  vexatious 
incident  to  fastening  the  loop  of  these  ties  over  the  common  shirt 


21 

button,  or  collar  stud.  Many  a  hasty,  if  not  profane,  ejaculation 
lias  been  the  result  of  attempting  this  task.  It  has  often  been  a 
matter  of  equal  disgust  for  a  gentleman— a  wearer  of  one  of  these 
ties — on  reaching  home,  to  find  that  he  has  been  In'avely  marching 
through  the  streets,  minus  a  neck-tie,  which  has,  in  an  unlucky 
moment,  escaped  the  faithless  grasp  of  the  common  button,  or  stud. 

This  little  device  completely  cures  these  troubles.  Toe  loop 
of  a  tie  is  as  readily  slipped  into  one  of  the  little  hooks,  upon  the 
front  of  the  stud,  as  a  hat  is  hung  on  a  nail,  and  it  cannot  escape 
therefrom  by  accident. 

The  owner  of  the  patent,  which  has  a  broad  and  strong 
claim,  is  not  in  circumstances  which  will  allow  him  to  undertake 
the  introduction  and  sale  of  the  studs.  He  will,  therefore,  dispose 
of  the  patent,  or  rights  under  it,  and  asks  attention  to  the  following 
remarks,  which  show  its  great  value. 

FIRST  COST. — It  is  made  of  gold  plated  sheet  metal,  com- 
monly known  among  manufacturing  jewelers  as  "  stock  plate,"  and 
all  the  parts  are  struck  up  by  dies,  so  that  it  can  be  made  very 
cheaply,  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  five  cents  apiece.  Messrs.  Brazos 
iV  Copperman,  of  Waterbury,  Conn.,  and  also  Mr.  Chas.  Ringman, 
of  Nonh  Attleboro,  Mass.,  have  offered  to  make  them,  in  quanti- 
ties, at  that  price.  Of  course,  if  these  parties  can  furnish  the  studs 
at  that  price,  the  real  cost  is  less,  for  manufacturers  do  not  generalhy 
carry  on  their  business  for  fun  or  philanthropy. 

THE  RETAIL  PRICE. — Plated  collar  studs,  of  the  common 
kinds,  sell  at  retail  prices  varying  all  the  way  from  twenty-five 
cents  to  one  dollar,  according  to  plate  and  workmanship.  No  stud, 
which  is  as  well  plated  as  this,  sells  for  less  than  fifty  cents,  and  as 
these  last  are  merely  the  common  kind,  with  no  improvements,  fifty 
cents  would  be  a  reasonable  retail  price  for  this  improved  stud, 
giving,  as  the  profit  on  a  single  article,  forty-five  cents.  This 
allows  the  manufacturer  to  sell  to  the  jobber  for  ten  cents  apiece,  a 
profit  of  one  hundred  per  cent  ;  the  jobber  to  the  wholesale  dealer 
for  fifteen  cents,  a  profit  of  fifty  per  cent  ;  the  wholesale  dealer  to 
the  retailer  at  twenty-five  cents,  a  profit  of  sixty-six  and  two-thirds 
per  cent  ;  and  the  retail  dealer  to  the  consumer  at  fifty  cents,  a 
profit  of  one  hundred  per  cent  ;  so  that  while  the  retail  price  is  not 
higher  than  for  the  common  article,  the  profits  of  all  concerned  are 
enormous,  and  will  make  it  a  favorite  with  the  trade. 

THE  MARKET.— Of  the  38,000,000  of  people  in  the  United 
States,  about  one-fourth,  9,500,000,  are  men,  and  about  one-half  of 
these,  4,750,000,  are  male  youth,  the  whole  mass  of  whom  wear 


22 

lies,  three-fourth's  of  them,  3,562.500,  "snap"  tics.  One  of  these1 
studs  can  be  sold  to  at  least  one-fourth  of  this  last  number,  which 
makes  890,025,  on  which  the  owner's  profit,  at  five  cents  apiece, 
amounts  to  $44,531.25,  and  as  the  average  life  of  a  stud  is  about  two 
years,  this  sum  must  be  multiplied  by  eight  to  give  whole  profit  for 
the  seventeen  years  duration  of  the  patent,  which  gives  the  com- 
fortable product  of  $:-{5<;,25o. 

THE  CAPITAL  KKgnuKi)  is  very  small,  and  can  be  rapidly 
turned  over. 

Foil  TERMS,  ETC.,  address 

GILES  GENIUS. 

Hartford,  Conn. 

This  circular  should  be  printed  in  good  taste.  If  the 
inventor  can  afford  to  put  it  on  heavy,  tinted  paper,  in  some  fash- 
ionable type,  as  is  the  so  called  "  old  style"  at  present,  with  a  red 
line  around  the  edge  for  a  border,  so  much  the  better.  The  matter 
of  the  circular  should  be  written  in  as  clear,  crisp  and  sparkling 
style  as  the  nature  of  the  subject  will  admit,  and  the  composition 
and  press  work  be  as  perfect  as  possible. 

If  the  inventor,  himself,  is  not  capable  of  doing  justice  to  the 
subject,  let  him  find  some  literary  friend,  or  some  other  properly 
educated  person,  to  do  it  for  him.  Let  the  statements  be  just  as 
strong  as  the  facts  will  bear.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  terms  are 
not  given  in  this  circular.  This,  with  some  oilier  matters,  can  bet- 
ter be  reserved  for  a  written  letter,  to  accompany  the  circular.  It 
is  advisable  to  accompany  this  circular  with  a  written  letter,  for  the 
reason  that  the  receiver  thereof  will  be  obliged,  in  common  cour- 
tesy, to  give  the  matter  attention  enough  to  understand  it,  which 
attention  he  might  not  give  to  a  mere  circular.  Besides,  the  letter 
makes  the  matter  more  of  a  personal  thing  to  the  receiver,  and  does 
not  make  the  terms  public,  all  of  which  tends  to  give  weight  to  the 
matter.  The  general  style  may  be  understood  from  the  following 
form  for  such  a 


23 

(LETTER.) 

[Confidential.] 

HARTFORD,  Conn..  Jan.  1,  1871. 
Mr.  HIRAM  HAUTBOY  : 

Dear  Sir  : — May  I  ask  your  careful  attention  to  the  enclosed 
circular  ?  I  believe  that  the  facts  set  forth  therein  will  show  you 
that  I  offer  for  sale  a  really  valuable  invention.  The  figures,  making 
every  possible  allowance,  and  then  dividing  this  by  a  large  fraction, 
show  that  there  is  a  fortune  in  this  little  thing.  But  I  am  in  no 
condition  to  undertake  the  introduction  of  the  article. 

In  the  first  place,  I  have  no  means. 

In  the  next  place,  I  am  a  mechanic,  and  ignorant  of  business 
ways  and  business  men. 

You  are  in  a  business  which  Avill  enable  you  to  manufacture 
and  introduce  this  stud  readily. 

I  offer  you  the  whole  patent  for  $5,000.  I  shall  be  satisfied 
to  take  part  cash,  and  part  approved  notes.  If  you  do  not  care  to 
purchase  the  whole  patent,  1  may  be  willing  to  sell  you  a  territorial 
or  shop  right,  or  allow  you  to  manufacture  on  a  royalty. 

This  offer  is  made  to  yon  alone. 

The  thing  will  not  be  offered  to  any  one  else,  unless  you 
refuse  to  buy,  when  I  shall  offer  it  to  others  in  your  business.  Be 
kind  enough  to  answer  at  once.  If  an  answer  is  not  received  by 
me  within  seven  (7)  days  from  this  date,  this  offer  is  from  that  date 
withdrawn.  Very  Respectfully, 

GILES  GENIUS. 

This  circular  and  letter  should  be  sent  to  the  different  parties 
mentioned  in  the  list,  sending  to  but  one  party  at  a  time,  and  wait- 
ing till  the  expiration  of  the  seven  days  or  other  set  time,  for  an 
answer,  before  sending  to  another. 

When  an  answer  is  received  looking  toward  negotiation,  if 
any  definite  terms  are  offered,  the  inventor  should  most  carefully 
consider  upon  it,  before  rejecting*  even  if  greatly  under  the  price 
asked,  remembering  always  that  all  that  is  made  over  and  above  the 
actual  expenses  incurred,  is  clear  profit.  If  a  shop  right,  territorial 
right,  or  royalty  right  is  wanted,  the  suggestions  in  the  foregoing 
pages,  on  fixing  the  value  of  such  rights,  will  be  found  of  assist- 
ance. 


24 

If  it  is  thought  that  better  terms  can  be  obtained,  it  is  best  to 
inform  the  correspondent  that  the  inventor  is  <;  greatly  obliged  for 
the  kind  offer  made,  and  will  take  it  into  serious  consideration,'' 
etc.,  etc.  A  rule  which  should  be  imperative  in  all  business  mat- 
ters, comes  into  play  here.  Never  be  rude  or  peremptory  in 
declining  an  offer,  but  always  express  yourself  in  the  kindest  and 
plrasantest  terms  of  which  you  are  master. 

It  is  hardly  possible  that  an  inventor  of  any  merit  can  run  the 
gauntlet,  in  this  manner,  of  all  the  manufacturers  in  the  country, 
whose  business  is  of  a  kind  to  naturally  interest  them  in  the  inven- 
tion, without  finding  a  purchaser. 


NEWSPAPER     ADVERTISING. 

Another  method  of  getting  an  invention  before  the  public,  is 
through  the  medium  of  newspaper  advertising.  This  is  more 
expensive  than  the  method  just  described,  and  is  not,  perhaps, 
advisable  till  that  fails,  though  it  may  be  often  happily  used  in  con- 
junction with  it.  If  the  inventor  can  afford  it,  it  is  well  to  have 
the  invention  illustrated  and  described  in  one  or  more  of  the  scien- 
tific and  mechanical  publications  of  the  day.  of  which  the  Scientific 
American,  and  American  Artisan,  of  New  York,  and  the  Scientific 
Press,  of  San  Francisco,  are  notable  examples.  Such  illustration 
and  description  may  sometimes,  of  itself,  prove  sufficient.  If  not, 
it  may  be  followed  up  by  ordinary  advertising  ;  or.  this  illustration 
and  description  may  be  dispensed  with,  and  the  advertising  con- 
fined to  the  regular  advertising  columns.  In  doing  this,  the 
advertisement  should  be  inserted  in  the  paper  or  papers  which 


25 

are  designed  to  meet  the  eye  of  the  class  or  classes  of  persons  to 
whom  the  invention  is  of  special  interest.  Any  reliable  advertising 
agent  will  be  pleased,  on  request,  to  furnish,  free  of  charge,  a  list 
of  any  required  size,  extending  over  the  whole  country,  or  any  part 
thereof,  which  circulate  among  any  special  class  of  people,  and  the 
advertisement  of  the  invention  should  be  inserted  in  one  or  more 
such  papers,  as  the  judgment  and  means  of  the  inventor  may  dic- 
tate. It  is  very  much  better  to  insert  a  small  advertisement  in  a 
large  number  of  papers,  than  to  occupy  a  large  space  in  a  smaller 
number.  The  experience  of  old  advertisers  confirms  this  propor- 
tion. If  the  inventor  is  not  skilled  in  writing  advertisements,  it 
will  be  best  for  him,  if  possible,  to  get  some  friend,  or  other  prop- 
erly skilled  person,  to  write  the  advertisement  for  him,  for  it  is  no 
common  accomplishment  to  be  able  to  put  into  a  small  space,  in  an 
attractive  and  striking,  and  yet  not  vulgar  manner,  a  notice  of  any 
tiling,  which  shall  say  just  enough  to  induce  the  reader  to  push  fur- 
ther inquiries.  Suppose  the  invention  to  be  an  improvement  in  the 
manufacture  of  coach  varnish :  an  advertisement  something  like 
the  following,  would  not  be  inappropriate  : 

Altf  PW   Pn  A  flJ   \T  A  D\rTQ)U      A  most  valuable  patented  improvement  iu 
IlIlYV    uUnUfl    VnlUUOll.     Coach  Varnish  Is   oflered  for  sale— thor- 
oughly tried  aud  tested.     Address  T.  W.  COPAL,  Huyshope,  Conn. 

This  will  occupy  but  few  lines  of  space,  and  yet  tells 
enough  to  interest  varnish  and  coach  men  therein.  It  is  not  advisa- 
ble to  make  much  parade  of  the  patent,  as  a  patent,  for  there  is 
something  of  a  prejudice  among  business  men  generally,  against 
patents,  on  account  of  the  great  number  of  humbugs  which  have 
been  pushed  into  notice  under  their  guise,  but  this  prejudice  van- 
ishes, when  they  discover  that  the  patent  covers  a  real  improve- 
ment. 

The  proper  papers  in  which  to  insert  an  advertisement  like 
the  above,  would  be  those  which  are  intended  for  circulation  among 
varnish  users,  varnish  manufacturers  and  carriage  builders,  a  k'st  of 


26 

which,  with  the  charge  for  insertion,  the  advertising  agents  can 
readily  furnish.  When  answers  to  advertisements  are  received, 
they  can  be  replied  to  by  such  a  circular  as  that  hereinbefore 
described,  accompanied  by  a  letter  substantially  like  that  set  forth, 
changed  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  case. 

The  inventor  must  not  be  afraid,  if  his  means  permit,  to  con- 
tinue his  advertising  for  some  little  time,  for  experience  has  shown 
that  unless  a  person  is  more  than  ordinarily  interested  in  the  matter 
advertised,  he  has  to  see  an  advertisement  a  number  of  times  before 
he  will  take  any  active  step  in  reference  to  it. 


PERSONAL    SOLICITATION. 

Patents  are  frequently  sold  by  personal  solicitation,  and  it 
the  inventor  cares  to  make  the  sale  of  rights  under  his  patent  his 
main  business,  and  can  get  safely  through  the  period  of  rawness 
which  always  attends  the  commencement  stage  of  all  such  attempts 
without  giving  up  the  business  in  disgust,  this  method  of  sale  may 
prove,  in  the  end,  the  most  remunerative.  The  inventor  must, 
however,  give  his  whole  time  to  llie  business,  must  have  means 
sufficient  to  allow  him  to  travel,  and  must  persevere  till  lie  learns 
not  to  be  discouraged  at  any  and  all  disheartening  obstacles  he  may 
encounter. 

In  short,  he  must  make  of  himself  a  successful  salesman,  and 
a  salesman  of  rather  a  rare  order,  a  task  which  is  evidently  so  di Hi- 
cult,  that  unless  an  inventor  is  satisfied  he  lias  peculiar  qualifi- 
cations for  it,  he  better  not  undertake  it.  If  he  does,  however, 


see  fit  to  undertake  it,  a  few  suggestions  may  be  of  assistance. 
Upon  arriving  at  a  town  where  he  proposes  to  make  a  sale,  he 
should  be  provided  with  a  good  model  or  models,  and  plenty  of  cir- 
culars containing  substantially  the  matter  set  forth  in  Ihe  circular 
hereinbefore  described,  making  the  closing  part  to  read — "Rights 
for  sale  on  the  most  liberal  terms  at"  (wherever  the  inventor  has  his 
head-quarters).  If  the  place  boasts  a  newspaper,  the  matter  should 
be  dul}r  advertised,  and  good  "  local"  notice  will  be  found  a  great 
help. 

Suppose  the  invention  to  be  a  new  domestic  article,  as  a  knife 
sharpener,  the  advertisement  might  be  in  substance  as  follows  : 

"A  GREAT  WA1VT  FILLED — A  simple,  cheap  and  effective  article  for 
use  in  every  household.  Great  Profits  made.  Rights  under  the  patent  for  sale 
low.  Call  at HARVEY  HANDY,  Patentee. 

Of  course,  having  interested  a  man  enough  to  call,  the 
inventor  must  press  upon  him  by  aid  of  model,  facts  and  figures, 
etc.,  the  money  there  is  in  it  for  the  purchaser.  If  any  resident  of 
the  right  stamp  can  be  made  to  assist,  by  giving  him  a  commission 
on  sales,  it  will  prove  a  valuable  help. 

A  thing  sometimes  done  by  traveling  salesmen  of  patents  is, 
to  find  some  resident  who  is  "  up  to  snuff,"  as  the  saying  is,  and 
arrange  with  him  that  he  shall  hold  himself  out  as  ready  to  buy  a 
half  interest  in  the  territory  which  it  is  proposed  to  sell,  and  they 
two,  the  salesman  and  the  decoy  duck,  go  in  search  of  some  third 
party  who  will  really  buy  the  other  half.  The  price  of  the  territory 
is  put  at  double  that  which  the  seller  really  means  tD  realize,  and 
when  the  third  party  is  found  to  really  buy  the  other  half  of  the 
right,  the  territory  is  assigned  to  the  decoy  duck  and  such  party 
jointly,  but  no  money  is  paid,  except  by  the  third  party,  and  out  of 
this  the  seller  usually  pays  a  commission  to  the  decoy  duck. 

The  fact  that  a  neighbor  is  ready  to  purchase  a  half  interest 
in  the  right,  is  a  great  inducement,  usually,  to  the  third  party  to 
buy  the  other  half. 


Of  the  morality  of  such  transactions  the  reader  will  judge. 

If  the  inventor  chooses  to  take  his  model  in  his  hand,  and 
attack  parties  most  likely  to  become  interested,  at  their  places  of 
business,  he  may  make  sales,  but  in  this  case  he  will  find  that  pre- 
vious advertising  will  pave  the  way  for  the  personal  effort. 


ITINERANT     AGENTS. 

In  almost  every  county  in  the  United  States  may  be  found 
persons  who,  off  and  on,  as  the  phrase  is,  make  it  their  business  to 
sell  patent  rights,  traveling  about  the  while  for  that  purpose.  It 
must,  in  truth,  be  said  that  some  of  these,  by  their  fraudulent  prac- 
tices, have  done  much  toward  bringing  the  business  of  a  traveling 
salesman  of  patents  into  disrepute.  These  fraudulent  practices 
have  consisted  in  making  grossly  false  representations,  as  to  the  first 
cost  of  their  articles,  in  taking  notes  for  the  whole  or  part  of  the 
consideration  of  the  sales,  under  the  promise  to  retain  them  till  due. 
so  that  the  purchaser  should  have  a  chance  to  see  that  their  repre- 
sentations were  true,  before  making  final  payment,  and  then  selling 
the  notes  instanter,  and  the  like. 

Many  of  these  men,  the  honest  ones,  are  really  good  agents 
to  employ,  as  they  are  usually  willing  to  bear  their  own  expenses. 
and  take  a  share  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  for  their  pay.  If  an 
inventor  has  a  choice  among  different  ones,  he  should,  other  things 
being  equal,  select  the  one  who  has  means  that  make  him  pecunia- 
rily responsible. 

Unless  a  person  has  such  means,  or  unless  the  inventor  is 
satisfied  that  he  is  a  man  of  the  firmest  integrity,  it  cinnot  be  con- 
sidered safe  to  give  him  an  unlimited  power  of  attorney  to  make 


Sales,  nor  even  then  is  it  desirable,  because  it  is  always  best  to  make 
sure  that  the  agenl  cannot  keep  from  the  inventor  any  of  the  funds 
lie  may  receive,  nor  put  the  patent  into  the  hands  of  a  confederate, 
by  means  of  a  bogus  sale. 

Control  over  the  funds  received  can  be  kept,  by  providing,  in 
the  power  of  attorney,  that  all  cash  received  shall  be  deposited  to  the 
joint  order  of  the  agent  and  the  inventor,  and  that  all  notes  taken 
shall  be  to  their  joint  order. 

Control  over  unadvisable  or  fraudulent  sales  can  be  kept  by 
providing,  in  the  power,  that  the  sales  made  are  conclusive,  unless 
the  inventor  shall,  within— say  ten — days,  signify  his  non-accept- 
ance thereof.  Forms  for  powers  of  attorney,  with  these  or  equiva- 
lent provisions,  will  be  found  further  on. 


STOCK    COMPANIES. 

A  great  many  patents  upon  inventions  which  are  either  con- 
sidered very  valuable,  or  which  require  a  large  capital,  to  make 
them  available,  are  realized  from  by  making  them  the  property  of 
stock  companies,  which  are  either  specially  chartered  by  the  state 
or  national  legislature,  or  are  organized  under  the  joint  stock  laws 
which  prevail  in  most,  if  not  all  the  states.  This  a  perfectly  legiti- 
mate, and  often  a  very  easy  way  of  realizing  money  from  an 
invention. 

The  inventor  takes  his  pay  either  wholly  in  cash,  or  from 
stock  in  the  company,  or  partly  in  cash  and  partly  in  stock, 

The  modus  operandi  is  as  follows  : — the  inventor,  let  us  say, 
wishes  to  realize  $10,000  in  cash,  and  $10. 000  in  stock,  and  it  is 
necessary  to  have  $15,000  actual  cash  capital  to  work  the  patent. 


In  such  a  case  the  nominal  capital  of  the  company  may,  gen- 
erally, well  be  put  at  $100,000. 

We  will,  first  of  all,  reserve  £l.V)00  of  this  nominal  capital 
to  be  used  In  securing  the  aid  and  countenance  of  influential  men, 
to  be  given  away  by  the  inventor  for  this  purpose,  though  of  course 
this  part  of  the  operation  is  usually  confidential  between  the 
inventor  and  those  whose  aid  he  seeks.  The  inventor  must  there- 
fore reserve  for  himself,  in  all  -f  LT>,OOO  of  the  nominal  stock. 

This  leaves  * 7.-.,  000  in  stock  to  lie  sold,  whereby  to  reali/.e 
$•_>:,, 000  in  cash,  Sio.ooo  for  the  inventor  and  $1.">.000  for  actual 
cash  capital. 

Now,  to  raise  $25,000  cash  upon  $75,000  nominal  capital, 
each  share  sold  needs  to  pay  but  one  third  of  its  nominal  value,  so 
that  there  is  a  great  inducement  in  this  for  parties  to  invest  in  the 
stock. 

Of  course  to  make  this  operation  successful,  the  inventor 
must  be  able  to  show,  by  facts  and  figures,  a  good  prospect  of  pay- 
ing from  six  to  ten  per  cent  dividends  upon  the  nominal  capital, 
and  if  he  is  able  to  do  this,  and  acts  with  a  fair  amount  of  shrewd- 
ness in  securing  the  help  of  two  or  three  influential  men,  by  the 
aid  of  the  $15,000  in  stock  which  he  has  set  aside  for  this  purpose, 
his  task  is  very  easy. 

The  inducements  he  may  hold  out  to  investors  are  not  only 
the  hope  of  gun  from  dividends,  but  the  prospect  of  becoming  ofli- 
cers  of  the  company,  as  president,  secretary,  treasurer,  director. 
etc.  When  such  companies  are  organized,  it  is  very  common  for 
the  company  to  retain  the  services  of  the  inventor  in  some  capacity, 
so  that  the  inventor  is  well  icwarded  by  present  cash,  by  stock,  and 
by  future  employment. 

If  the  inventor  is  content  to  take  his  pay  entirely  in  stock, 
then  his  task  is  just  so  much  the  easier,  and  if  he  is  able  to  organi/e 
his  company  without  giving  away  stock,  this  again  lightens  his 
burden. 


31 

If  the  inventor  is  willing  to  put  in  his  invention  against,  say, 
f  10,000  actual  cash  capital,  then  he  may  be  able  to  find  two  or  three 
men,  or  possibly  one  man,  who  will  put  the  cash  against  the  inven- 
tion ;  and,  in  short,  there  are  numberless  ways  in  which  this  pro- 
gramme may  be  varied  to  meet  the  circumstances  of  each  particular 
case. 

The  details  of  the  organization  of  such  companies  must,  of 
course,  be  performed  under  the  direction  of  some  competent  law- 
yer, who  wTill  see  that  the  local  laws  governing  such  matters  are 
duly  complied  with,  but  farther  on,  in  the  part  of  this  book  devoted 
to  forms,  and  instructions  relative  thereto,  will  be  found  a  form  for 
articles  of  association  of  this  kind,  such  as  is  in  use  under  the  laws 
of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  which  laws  are  substantially  the  same 
as  those  of  other  states  upon  the  same  subject. 


HOW  TO  WORK    A   SPECIALTY. 

The  following  article,  taken  from  the  "  Chemist  and  Drug- 
gist," published  in  London,  although  specially  applicable  to  the  sale 
of  patent  medicines,  will  be  found  very  suggestive  to  all  those  who 
have  patented  articles  to  introduce  : 

';  Without  having  the  pretension  to  disclose  any  new  systems, 
the  writer  will  rapidly  note  a  few  of  the-  various  methods  of  estab- 
lishing and  developing  the  sale  of  proprietary  articles,  which  have 
come  under  his  personal  observation,  during  a  somewhat  extended 
experience  in  England,  France  and  America.  Patent  medicines, 
perfumeries,  toilet  preparations,  dietetic  productions,  and  other 
specialties  are  now  so  numerous,  and  in  many  instances  are  pushed 
so  vigorously  and  with  so  much  skill,  that  when  it  is  proposed  to 


32 

launch  any  new  ilcm,  or  develop  the  sale  of  one  already  partially 
established,  the  magnitude  of  the  task  appears  startling.  To  attract 
attention  to  any  preparation,  however  good  and  well  adapted  to  the 
wants  of  the  public,  is  a  task  of  such  an  expensive  and  laborious 
character,  that  a  brief  study  of  the  systems  followed  by  the  success- 
ful men  of  the  day,  in  this  field,  may  be  regarded  as  a  topic  of  gen- 
eral interest.  Whatever  may  be  the  scientific  opinion  in  regard  to 
the  leading  proprietary  remedies  in  vogue,  and  however  much  their 
authors  and  compounders  may  lack  professional  status  and  a  legit- 
imate endorsement  of  their  preparations,  it  is  quite  evident  that 
hundreds  of  these  men  have  succeeded  in  attracting  public  notice  to 
themselves  personally,  as  well  as  acquiring  a  great  celebrity  for 
their  articles,  by  the  unusual  enterprise,  skill,  and  general  business 
talent  displayed  in  the  management  of  their  specialties.  It  is  not 
difficult  to  regard  such  men  as  likely  to  achieve  success  in  almost 
any  matter  they  may  undertake,  endowed,  as  they  generally  are. 
with  the  personal  characteristics  which  emphatically  command 
success.  Therefore,  it  is  quite  correct  to  suppose  that  the  great 
fortunes  we  hear  of  being  accumulated  by  noted  proprietors  of 
specialties,  are  not  exactly  happy  accidents,  but  the  result  of  patient 
and  intelligent  labors,  united  to  a  judicious  audacity  and  liberality. 
"  The  personal  acquaintance  of  the  writer  with  a  number  of 
such  men  of  the  three  nationalities  already  named,  will  enable  him 
to  indicate  a  few  of  the  salient  points  in  their  methods  of  manage- 
ment. While  it  is  quite  true  that  many  articles  of  questionable 
merit  have,  by  mere  force  of  publicity,  been  established  on  a  remu- 
nerative sale,  it  is  without  any  doubt  essential  to  the  success  of 
preparations  in  general,  that  they  should  possess  positive  merit,  and 
be  well  adapted  to  meet  some  general  public  want,  otherwise  the 
efforts  made  to  introduce  them  will  be  full  of  difficulty.  The 
notion  sometimes  heard— that  advertising  will  make  anything  sell- 
is  simple  nonsense,  as  every  large  advertiser  knows.  Advertising 
will  undoubtedly  create  a  temporary  demand  for  almost  any  article 


33 

but  unless  the  article  itself  responds  to  an  evident  public  need,  and 
is  one  which  is  intrinsically  good,  and  likely  to  make  its  way  on  its 
own  merits,  as  soon  as  the  public  attention  to  it  has  been  gained,  it 
will  prove  anything  but  a  profitable  enterprise,  to  make  a  serious 
campaign  on  such  a  basis. 

"At  this  point,  let  a  word  be  said  on  the  utter  inutility  of 
investments  in  publicity,  to  develop  sales  of  worthless  and  trivial 
articles  ;  and  als®  let  it  be  noted  that  all  successful  patent  medi- 
cines, notwithstanding  that  they  are  oftentimes  popularly  denomi- 
nated nostrums,  quack  remedies,  &c.,  must,  and  often  do  possess 
intrinsic  value,  otherwise  they  could  never  attain  any  sale  of  mag- 
nitude or  permanency.  It  is  quite  true  that  the  enormous  aggregate 
sales  of  patent  medicines  throughout  the  globe,  a  sale  which  has  been 
extending  with  tremendous  rapidity  for  the  last  decade,  evidences  a 
great  popular  want  of  cheap  remedies  which  may  be  obtained  in  the 
shops,  and  which  in  many  instances  renders  the  expensive  services 
of  a  medical  man  quite  superfluous. 

"The  profession  in  France  has  legitimised  patent  remedies, 
and  the  popular  verdict  in  other  countries  has  been  in  their  favor. 
In  America,  where,  in  consequence  of  the  vastuess  of  the  territory, 
medical  aid  sometimes  cannot  be  obtained  for  miles,  these  popular 
compounds  are  oftentimes  of  great  service  in  maladies  lacking 
gravity. 

"In  proceeding  to  notice  more  particularly  the  business  as- 
pects of  the  topic,  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  introduction  of  a  com- 
pound of  undoubted  excellence  may  be  accomplished  at  a  limited 
outgo,  by  adherence  to  certain  very  common'  sense  methods  too 
often  lost  sight  of  by  enthusiastic  projectors.  The  style  of  get-up 
of  an  article  has  oftentimes  a  considerable  influence  upon  its 
success.  The  best  illustrations  are  undoubtedly  furnished  by  the 
French,  who  have,  in  the  forms  of  their  bottles,  style  of  typography 
and  wrapper,  generally  excelled  the  English  and  American  pro- 
ductions. 


34 

"  The  retail  prices  should  be  in  even  shillings,  francs,  or  dol- 
lars, although  a  contrary  custom  prevails  in  England  and  France  ; 
and  where  various  si/es  of  bottles  are  introduced,  the  prices  should 
be  the  multiple  each  of  the  other,  and  the  larger  sizes  contain  rela- 
tively more  than  the  smaller  ones.  The  retail  prices  should  always 
be  printed  upon  the  outside  wrapper.  The  sending  out  of  bottles 
of  patent  remedies  without  an  outer  wrapper  is  objectionable. 
The  directions  for  use  should  always,  no  matter  how  voluminous 
they  are,  be  wrapped  around  the  bottle  or  box,  inside  of  the  wrap- 
per ;  it  is  decidedly  objectionable  to  have  them  furnished  sepa- 
rately, to  be  delivered  by  the  retailers. 

"  The  American  plan  of  printing  the  title  and  other  matter 
on  the  different  sides  of  the  bottle,  in  the  four  languages  most  in 
vogue,  as  well  as  full  directions  in  all  these  languages,  in  the  pros- 
pectus which  is  wrapped  inside,  is  an  excellent  one.  In  the  case 
of  small  toilet  and  remedial  articles,  the  plan  pursued  in  England  of 
getting  them  up  in  counter  cases  is  very  effective  for  the  purposes 
of  introduction  and  advertisement,  but  too  expensive  to  admit  of 
after  supplies  being  furnished  in  that  way.  The  'Americans  have 
given  a  great  deal  of  attention  to  putting  dozens  and  half  dozens 
in  pasteboard  boxes,  with  very  bold  outside  labels.  These,  regu- 
larly arranged  upon  the  shelves  of  a  country  druggist's  shop,  form 
a  very  cheap  and  effective  advertisement,  and  also  keep  in  good 
condition  any  bottles  that  may  not  be  exposed  for  sale  in  the  large 
plate  glass  counter  show-cases  so  much  in  vogue  there.  For  ship- 
ment, these  paper  boxes  are  packed  generally  in  wooden  cases  of 
one  dozen  each,  and  these  gross  boxes  are  supplied  without  charge, 
the  four  sides  being,  when  sent  out  by  the  proprietor,  boldly 
branded  with  the  title  of  the  article.  It  is  a  common  thing  to 
notice  in  American  druggists  shops,  piles  of  these  wooden  cases — 
many,  no  doubt,  innocent  of  contents — but  all  forming  very  cheap 
and  effective  advertisements.  The  array  of  paper  box  "dummies" 
is  also  something  wonderful,  on  the  shelves  and  in  the  front  win- 


(lows,  Xo  box  of  this  kind  is  ever  destroyed,  as  long  as  there  is 
any 'vacant  space  in  the  shop,  its  value  in  catching  the  eye  of  the 
customer  being  too  great.  These  paper  boxes  and  wooden  cases 
are  also  well  supplied  with  show  bills,  and  small  cards  to  hang  up 
at  odd  corners  of  the  shop,  and  a  few  dozen  circulars  for  the  coun- 
ter, In  some  instances  the  gross  cases  contain  beautifully  gotten 
up  illuminated  show-cards,  handsomely  framed. 

"  From  these  details  it  will  be  perceived  that  the  Americans 
are  fully  alive  to  the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  furnishing  the  retail 
dealer  with  a  splendid  supply  of  weapons  for  publicity  in  his  shop. 
As  the  druggists  there  are  much  more  willing  to  exhibit  show  bills 
and  cards  than  the  chemists  in  Europe,  the  rage  for  handsome  ones 
has  been  carried  to  a  most  lavish  point.  Elaborately  hand-painted 
gilt  glass  cards,  three  or  four  feet  square,  are  quite  common  in  the 
best  shops,  being  furnished  gratis  by  the  leading  patent  medicine 
and  perfumery  makers,  at  a  cost  to  themselves  oftentimes  of  two  or 
three  guineas  each. 

"  In  deciding  upon  the  retail  price  of  an  article  about  to  be 
introduced,  too  much  attention  cannot  be  given  to  the  discounts 
which  will  have  to  be  made  to  the  different  classes  of  buyers  in  the 
trad (3.  There  should  always  be  a  first  abatement  from  the  retail 
trade  of  one-third,  for  any  quantity  to  one  who  buys  to  sell  again, 
and  to  the  same  party  a  further  discount  of,  say,  ten  per  cent,  when 
a  whole  gross  is  purchased — this  last  to  be  supplemented  by  an 
additional  discount  of  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent,  to  the  wholesale 
houses  on  five  or  ten  gross  lots.  As  the  class  of  goods  in  question 
is  essentially  a  monopoly,  the  proprietor  has  powrer  to  fix  his  prices 
as  arbitrarily  as  he  chooses,  but  he  will  consult  his  interest  by 
making  liberal  discounts,  selling  for  net  cash  only,  and  in  no  case, 
Confidentially  or  otherwise,  giving  any  advantage  to  one  buyer  over 
another.  A  printed  tariff  to  wholesale  houses  should  he  issued, 
and  rigidly  adhered  to  as  to  quantities,  cash,  and  days  allowed 
for  payment.  All  changes  in  this  tariff  should  be  notified  some 


considerable!  lime  in  advance  of  the  period  -when  the  change  will 
lake  place,  so  as  to  give  wholesale  dealers  time  to  arrange  advanta- 
geously, in  case  of  their  being  either  over-stocked  or  in  short  sup- 
ply. These  notices  should  be  given  simultaneously,  that  no  one 
man  may  have  any  advantage  from  early  information  of  contempla- 
ted, changes.  Having  experienced  the  desirability  of  this  uniform- 
ity of  dealing  with  the  trade  in  specialties,  the  writer  is  disposed  to 
lay  great  stress  upon  it.  The  proprietor  of  an  article  must  obvi- 
ously, in  arranging  his  wholesale  and  retail  prices,  allow  himself  a 
handsome  margin,  the  expense  for  publicity  and  otherwise,  aside 
from  the  cost  of  manufacture,  being  likely  to  be  so  onerous.  If,  as 
is  often  the  case,  an  article  is  got  up  by  a  chemist,  in  the  midst  of 
the  ordinary  routine  of  his  shop,  without  adding  anything  for 
expense  of  labor,  he  should  not,  on  that  account,  omit  to  include  in 
his  estimate  the  probable  cost  of  bottling,  packing,  etc.,  as  in  all 
articles  of  extended  sale,  a  separate  organization  and  force  becomes 
e-M-utial.  The  probable  fluctuations  in  the  ingredients  of  which 
the  preparation  is  composed,  should  also  be  carefully  taken  into 
account,  as  the  variation  of  a  price  once  fixed  upon  a  proprietary 
article  is  likely  to  be  damaging.  The  heavy  war  tax  upon  spirits 
in  the  United  States,  a  fewr  years  ago,  (now  reduced,)  nearly  ruined 
the  smaller  grade  of  patent  medicine  men  there,  and  they  were 
obliged  to  adopt  prices  in  many  cases  fifty  and  one  hundred  per 
cent,  higher,  which  resulted  in  placing  their  preparations  quite  out 
of  the  reach  of  men  of  moderate  means.  Coming  to  the  actual 
work  of  introducing  an  article,  it  is  better  for  persons  of  moderate 
means  to  canvas  in  the  outset  large  country  towns,  than  to  attack 
the  great  cities.  Should  abundant  means  be  at  command,  the 
metropolis  had  better  be  taken  in  hand  first,  as  the  country  natu- 
rally sympathises  in  the  demand  for  a  preparation  which  has  a 
metropolitan  vogue,  even  where  no  local  expenditure  is  made  for 
publicity. 

' '  Whatever  field  is  taken  up  in  the  outset,  it  should  be  thor- 


37 

oughly  worked,  and  the  article  well  made  known  there,  before 
wasting  time  and  scattering  efforts  in  other  quarters.  No  more 
common  mistake  is  made  by  sanguine  projectors  of  specialties  than 
in  endeavoring  to  grasp  the  whole  body  of  the  people  at  once. 
Any  advertisement  contracts  made  should  be  for  cash,  or  nearly  so. 
It  is  so  easy  to  get  out  of  one's  depth  in  making  contracts  payable 
out  of  prospective  profits.  When  an  article  is  already  launched, 
and  has  been  favorably  received,  the  extension  of  its  advertisements 
with  a  certain  amount  of  boldness  is  no  longer  so  pure  a  risk. 

"  The  question  of  newspaper  advertising  is  so  broad  a  one, 
that  the  limits  of  this  article  will  hardly  suffice  for  its  treatment. 
Briefly,  it  must  be  quite  clear  that  all  feeble,  cheap  advertising,  in 
the  obscure  columns  of  the  papers,  has  but  little  effect.  The 
shrewdest  advertisers  of  the  day  adopt  the  most  expensive  methods, 
choosing  the  most  costly  localities  in  the  principal  journals.  A 
few  lines  at  several  shillings  a  line,  in  a  prominent  part  of  a  news- 
paper is  a  better  investment  than  a  lengthy  advertisement  in  an  ob- 
scure column  at  half  the  expense.  Continuous  advertising  in  every 
issue  of  a  daily  or  weekly  newspaper,  is  a  great  waste  of  money. 
If  six  advertisements  on  six  successive  days  lead  to  an  expenditure 
of  ten  pounds,  it  would  be  much  more  effective  to  insert  one  adver- 
tisement once  a  week  at  an  expense  of  half  the  money.  Small 
announcements  persisted  in,  if  appearing  continuously,  will 
undoubtedly,  in  time,  produce  a  favorable  result  ;  but,  for  imme- 
diate sales,  resort  must  be  had  to  bold,  and  sometimes  to  lengthy 
announcements.  A  dignified  phraseology  should  always  be  adhered 
to,  but  any  novelty  that  can  be  secured  in  point  of  typographical 
display,  is  eminently  desirable, 

"  It  is  very  questionable  if  the  paragraph  notices  of  a  facetious 
character,  now  somewhat  in  favor  with  advertisers  in  the  leading 
dailies,  are  really  effective.  The  locality  chosen  is  the  advantage, 
if  there  is  one  ;  but,  obviously,  the  notion  that  the  public  are  sup- 
posing they  are  absorbing  the  regular  reading  matter  of  the  news- 


paper,  is  presuming  loo  much  on  llioir  credulity.  Of  all  forms  of 
advertising,  none;  approaches  the  well  established  daily  newspaper. 
Where  there  tire  several  published  in  one  town,  it  is  belter,  in 
default  of  ability  to  grasp  them  all,  to  choose  the  best  one  for  the 
article  in  hand,  and  go  in  liberally.  $nt<ill  itdcertixiiiy  doe*  not 
pay. 

"  When  an  article  is  being  introduced,  there  should  always  be 
affixed  to  all  advertisements  the  name  of  one  or  two  shops  in  the 
town  where  it  is  kept  on  sale.  This  saves  much  disappointment  on 
the  part  of  intending  buyers,  who  often  apply  at  a  dozen  places 
without  success,  and  ultimately  give  up  their  idea  of  obtaining  it. 
"  For  sale  by  all  chemists,"  is  a  very  bad  line  to  add  to  an  adver- 
tisement of  a  new  article.  Nine  out  of  every  ten  dealers  will  say, 
"  We  never  heard  of  it  before."  and  the  tenth  one  will  offer  to  pro- 
cure it;  while  all  (if  in  America)  will  suggest  that  "  It's  anew 
thing,"  "  Don't  know  much  about  it  yet,"  "  We  have  something 
of  our  own  of  the  same  kind  quite  as  good."  All  of  these  influ- 
ences have  to  be  fought  against  by  the  projector  of  something  new. 
and  even  at  iherisk  of  making  some  shops  jealous,  it  is  much  better 
to  name  one  or  two  where  the  article  can  surely  be  obtained. 

"  Nothing  is  so  successful  as  success.  Once  an  article  is  well 
established,  the  chorus  is  unanimous  in  its  favor  from  all  the  shop- 
keepers ;  during  its  struggling  infancy,  something  seems  to  whis- 
per to  them  to  give  it  a  kick. 

"  Previous  to  quitting  the  party  "  who  never  heard  of  it 
before,"  it  may  be  well  to  direct  his  attention  to  the  eminently 
modern  plan  of  advertising  to  the  trude,  now  so  much  in  favor 
with  the  most  intelligent  body  of  advertisers.  The  lust  f'.;\v  years 
have  witnessed  the.  establishment  of  a  most  excellent  series  of  class 
and  trade  journals  in  several  countries — more  especially  in  England 
— addressing  themselves  to  readers  of  various  professions  and  kinds 
of  business.  To  all  projectors  of  new  specialties,  this  class  of 
journals  is  invaluable,  as  well  as  to  the  proprietors  of  such  estab- 


39 

lishecl  ones  as  it  is  desirable  to  keep  alive  in  the  minds  of  the  trade. 
A  great  step  in  advance  is  made,  if  the  trade  can  at  once  be  thor- 
oughly informed  respecting  a  new  article.  In  default  of  ability  to 
inaugurate  an  extensive  range  of  advertising  to  the  .public,  a  most 
important  impression  can  be  made  by  bold  announcements  in 
suitable  class  journals  ;  and  in  conjunction  with  an  elaborate  pro- 
gramme of  publicity,  the  columns  of  this  branch  of  the  press  offer 
palpable  advantages.  These  journals,  although  as  yet  in  a  success- 
ful infancy,  are  destined  to  occupy  a  greatly  enlarged  position  and 
influence.  The  day  is  rapidly  approaching,  in  fact  has  arrived, 
when  the  intelligent  chemist  must  regularly  peruse  a  periodical  spe- 
cially edited  and  published  for  himself  and  his  confreres,  in  order 
to  keep  up  with  the  advances  made  in  the  scientific  branches  of  his 
profession,  as  well  as  to  be  thoroughly  posted  in  its  special  trade 
intelligence.  Obviously,  these  are  among  the  earliest  channels  in 
which  originators  of  specialties  should  communicate  with  the  trade, 
beginning  by  at  once  making  their  articles  known,  by  name  at 
least,  to  the  whole  body." 


FOMMB  AIJD  O8TEUOTIONI 


FOB 


CONTltACTS,    ETC. 


ASSIGNMENTS  AND  GRANTS. 

AN  ASSIGNMENT  of  a  patent  right  is  an  instrument  in  writing, 
conveying  either  the  whole  interest  in  the  patent,  or  an  undivided 
part  thereof. 

A  GRANT  is  an  instrument  in  writing,  conveying  an  exclusive 
territorial  right  under  a  patent. 

The  following  is  the  text  of  the  law  with  reference  thereto* 
Approved  July  8,  J870. 

"  SECTION  8(5.  And  be  it  further  cnacted,That  every  patent, 
or  any  interest  therein,  shall  be  assignable  in  law,  by  an  instrument 
in  writing,  and  the  patentee,  or  his  assign,  or  legal  representative, 
may,  in  like  manner,  grant  and  convey  an  exclusive  right,  under 
his  patent,  to  the  whole  or  any  specified  part  of  the  United  States, 
and  said  assignment  and  grant,  or  conveyance,  shall  be  void,  as 
against  any  subsequent  purchaser  or  mortgagee  for  a  valuable  con- 
sideration, without  notice,  unless  it  be  recorded  in  the  Patent  Office 
within  three  months  from  the  date  thereof." 

The  following  quoted  paragraphs  are  from  the  Patent  Office 
"Rules;" 

"A  patent  may  be  assigned,  either  as  to  the  whole  interest. 
or  any  undivided  part  thereof,  by  any  instrument  of  writing.-  No 
particular  form  of  words  is  necessary  to  constitute  a  valid  assign- 
ment, nor  need  the  instrument  be  sealed,  witnessed,  or  acknowl- 
edged. " 

"A  patent  will,  upon  request,  issue  directly  to  the  assignee 
or  assignees  of  the  entire  interest  in  any  invention,  or  to  the 
inventor  and  the  assignee  jointly,  when  an  undivided  part  only  of 
the  entire  interest  has  been  conveyed." 

"In  every  case  where  a  patent  issues  or  reissues  to  an 
assignee,  the  assignment  must  be  recorded  at  the  Patent  Office  at, 


44 

least  five  clays  before  the  issue  of  the  Patent,  ami  the  specification 
must  be  sworn  to  by  the  inventor." 

"The  patentee  may  grant  and  convey  an  exclusive  right 
under  his  patent,  to  the  whole  or  any  specified  portion  of  the  United 
States,  by  an  instrument  in  writing." 

"Every  assignment  or  grant  of  an  exclusive  territorial  right 
must  be  recorded  in  the  Patent  Office,  within  throe  months  from  the 
execution  thereof ;  otherwise  it  will  be  void  as  against  any  subse- 
quent purchaser  or  mortgagee  for  a  valuable  consideration  without 
notice  ;  but,  if  recorded  after  that  time,  it  will  protect  the  assignee 
or  grantee  against  any  such  subsequent  purchaser,  whose  assign- 
ment or  grant  is  not  then  on  record." 

"The  patentee  may  convey  separate  rights  under  his  patent  to 
make,  or  to  use,  or  to  sell  his  invention,  or  he  may  convey  territo- 
rial or  shop  rights  which  are  not  exclusive.  Such  conveyances  are 
mere  licenses,  and  need  not  be  recorded." 

"  The  receipt  of  assignments  is  not  generally  acknowledged 
by  the  office.  They  will  be  recorded  in  their  turn  within  a  few 
days  after  their  reception,  and  then  transmitted  to  the  persons  enti- 
tled to  them.  A  five  cent  revenue  stamp  is  required  for  each  sheet 
or  piece  of  paper  on  which  an  assignment,  grant,  or  license  may  be 
written." 

The  fees  for  recording  assignments,  grants,  contracts,  or  any 
other  paper  which  shouid  be  forwarded,  with  the  papers  for  record, 
to  the  "  Com'r  of  Patents,  Washington,  D.  C."  arc  as  follows  : 

For  recording  an  instrument  of  100  words  or  under $1.00 

'•         "                       "               over  300  and  under  1000  words.  2. oo 
"         "•  "  over  1000  words ::.oo 

In  sending  papers  to  the  Patent  Office  for  record,  the  papers 
and  the  money  should  be  acompanied  by  a  letter,  stating  that  the 
enclosed  papers  are  for  record,  and  that  the  enclosed  money  is  the 
fee  for  the  same,  and  stating  the  address  to  which  the  papers  are  to 
be  returned. 


FORMS. 

NO.   1.       ASSIGNMENT  OF  THE    ENTIRE   INTEREST,  BEFORE   TIIK    ISSUE  OF 
THE  PATENT,  (BY  SOLE  INVENTOR.) 

In  consideration  of  one  dollar,  to  me  paid  by  John  J.  Smith, 
of  Hartford,  Conn.,  I  do  hereby  sell  and  assign  to  said  John  J. 
Smith,  all  my  right,  title  and  interest  in  and  to  a  certain  invention 
in  ploics,  as  fully  set  forth  and  described  in  the  specification  which 
I  have  prepared,  (if  the  application  has  been  made,  say  "and 
filed,")  preparatory  to  obtaining  letters  patent  of  the  United  States 
therefor,  and  I  do  hereby  authorize  and  request  the  Commissioner 
of  Patents  to  issue  the  said  letters  patent  to  my  said  assignee,  for 
Ihe  sole  use  and  behoof  of  said  assignee,  and  his  legal  representa- 
tives. 

Witness  my  hand  this  \nt  day  of  June,  1871. 

CHARLES  CHANDLER. 


The  words  and  figures  in  italics  denote  those  which  are 
to  be  changed  to  suit  different  cases,  and  the  same  is  true  of  all 
the  following  forms  in  the  book,  except  that  where  changes  are  to 
be  made  from  the  singular  to  the  plural,  or  vice  versa,  italics  will 
not  be  used. 

NO.  2.      ASSIGNMENT   OF  AN   UNDIVIDED    INTEREST,   BEFORE    ISSUE   OF 
PATENT,    (BY  JOINT  INVENTORS.)  » 

In  consideration  of  one  dollar,  to  us  paid  by  John  J.  Smith, 
of  Hartford,  Conn.,  we  do  hereby  sell  and  assign  to  him  one  undivi- 
ded half  interest  in  and  to  a  certain  invention  in  plows,  as  fully  set 
forth  and  described  in  the  specification  which  we  have  prepared,  (if 
application  has  been  made  say,  "and  filed,'')  preparatory  to  obtain- 
ing letters  patent  of  the  United  States  therefor.  And  we  do  hereby 
authorize  and  request  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  to  issue  said 
letters  patent  to  said  assignee  and  ourselves  jointly,  for  the  sole  use 


and  behoof  of  said  assignee  and  ourselves,  and  his  and  our  legal 
representatives. 

Witness  our  bunds  this  1<l  day  of  June,  ls;i. 

CHARLES  CHANDLER, 
DARIUS  DOMBEY. 


NO.  .",.       ASSIGNMENT   OF   ENTIRE    (oK   UNDIVIDED    PARTIAL)    INTEREST, 
AFTER   ISSUE    OF   PATENT,    (BY    SOLE    INVENTOR.) 

In  consideration  of  five  hundred  dollars,  to  me  paid  by  ,/'>//// 
./.  Smith,  of  Jin rtford  Conn.,  I  do  hereby  assign  and  sell  to  said 
John  J.  Sin llli,  all  my  right,  title  and  interest,  (or  one  undivided 
h«lf  interest)  in  and  to  the  letters  patent  of  the  United  States,  No. 
4  I,  so<!,  for  an  improvement  in  plow*,  granted  to  me  July  :iu,  I  si;  J,  the 
same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  my  said  assignee  to  the  full  end  of 
the  term  for  which  said  patent  is  granted,  as  fully  and  entirely  as 
the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by  me,  if  this  assign- 
ment had  not  been  made. 

Witness  my  hand  this  \(Hk  day  of  June,  1S7I. 

CHARLES  CHANDLER. 


NO.    4.       ASSIGNMENT    OF    AN    ENTIRE     (OR    UNDIVIDED)    INTEREST     IN 
PATENT    AND    EXTENSION   THEREOF,    (BY   SOLE    INVENTOR.) 

In  consideration  of  one  thoumnd  dollars  to  me  paid  by  John 
J.  Smith,  of  Hartfonl,  Conn.,  I  do  hereby  sell  and  assign  to  the 
said  John  J.  Smith,  all  my  right  title  and  interest  (or  an  undivided 
//^///interest)  in  and  to  the  letters  patent  of  the  United  States,  No. 
1 0,4s.".,  for  an  improvement  in  plows,  granted  to  me  M<n/  1C,  ISC.",, 
the  same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the  said  John  J.  Smll/i.  to  the 
full  end  of  the  term  for  which  said  letters  patent  are  granted,  and 
for  the  term  of  any  extension  thereof,  as  fully  and  entirely  as  the 


47 

same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by  me,  if  this  assignment 
had  not  been  made. 

AVituess  my  hand  this  Mh  day  of  January,  1871. 

CHARLES  CHANDLER. 


The  clause  with  reference  to  extension  can  have  no  force, 
except  with  those  patents  granted  prior  to  March  1',  1861,  unless 
the  law  shall  be  changed  hereafter,  which  is  very  unlikely,  or 
unless  extended  by  special  act  of  Congress. 


UNDIVIDED     INTERESTS. 

It  is  very  important  that  all  persons  interested  in  patents 
should  understand  that  the  owner  of  an  undivided  interest  in  a 
patent,  no  matter  how  small,  may,  if  he  choose,  carry  on  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  the  patented  article  to  any  extent,  without  any 
liability  to  account  therefor  to  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  remain- 
der of  the  patent ;  he  may;  also,  grant  all  the  licenses  he  pleases, 
and  put  all  the  money  he  gets  therefor  into  his  pocket,  and  keep  it 
there,  so  that,  unless  the  assignor  desire  just  this  state  of  things,  a 
proper  limiting  clause,  in  the  nature  of  a  condition,  putting  it 
beyond  the  power  of  the  assignee,  or  assignor,  so  to  do,  should  be 
put  into  the  assignment.  Although  the  writer  has  not,  in  conside- 
rable practice  as  patent  attorney,  come  upon  an  assignment  drawn 
by  any  one  else,  which  contained  such  a  condition,  he  has  never 
found  an  assignor  who  did  not  insist  on  having  it,  Avhen  the  matter 
was  explained  to  him.  The  next  form,  which  is  otherwise  the 
same  in  substance  as  its  immediate  predecessor,  No.  4,  contains 
such  a  condition,  printed  in  small  capitals,  which  can  readily  be 
inserted  in  the  same  place  in  all  the  other  forms. 


48 

NO.   5.      SAME   AS  NO  4,    WITH    CONDITION. 

In  consideration  of  one  thousand  dollars  to  me  paid  \ty  John 
J.  H-uuth,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  I  do  hereby  sell  and  assign  to  the 
said  John  J.  Smith,  one  undivided  /^/(/'interest  in  and  to  the  letters 
patent  of  the  United  States,  No.  10,485,  for  an  .improvement  in 
plows,  granted  to  me  May  10,  ISO"),  the  same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed 
by  the  said  John  J.  Smith  to  the  full  end  of  the  term  for  which  said 
letters  patent  are  granted  and  for  (he  term  of  any  extension 
thereof. 

TlUS  ASSIGNMENT  IS  MADE  UPON  THE  FOLLOWING  EXPKESS  CON- 
DITION, WHICH  FORMS  AN  INTEGRAL  PAHT  OF  THE  SAME,  TO  WHICH 
SAID  CONDITION  THE  ASSIGNOR  ASSENTS  BY  THE  ACT  OF  SIGNING  THIS 
INSTRUMENT,  AND  TO  WHICH  THE  ASSIGNEE  ASSENTS  BY  THE  ACT  OF 
ACCEPTING  THE  SAME,  OK  DOING  ANY  ACT  UNDEK  AND  BY  VIRTUE  OF 
ITS  AUTHORITY,  TO  WIT  : — NEITHER  THE  ASSIGNOR  NOR  THE  ASSIGNEE 
MENTIONED 'HEREIN  HAVE  ANY  RIGHT.  POWER  OR  LIBERTY  TO  MARK, 
OR  VEND  TO  OTHERS  TO  BE  USED,  THE  ARTICLE  (OR  "  PROCESS,"  "  MA- 
CHINE," "  COMPOUND,"  WHATEVER  IT  MAY  BE)  WHICH  FORMS  THE 
SUBJECT  MATTER  OF  SAID  PATENT,  WITHOUT  THAT  HE  SHALL  ACCOUNT 
AND  PAY  OVER  TO  THE  OTHER  PARTY  HERETO  ONE  HALF  OF  ALL  THE 
PROFIT  DERIVED  FROM  SUCH  MAKING,  USING,  OR  VENDING  TO  OTHERS 
TO  BE  USED,  NOR  SHALL  EITHER  OF  SAID  PARTIES  HERETO  HAVE  ANY 
POWER  TO  MAKE  ANY  ASSIGNMENT,  GRANT,  LICENSE  OR  OTHER  CON- 
VEYANCE WHATEVER  HEREUNDER,  EXCEPT  THAT  BOTH  OF  SAID  PAR- 
TIES SHALL  JOIN  IN  THE  SAME  IN  WRITING. 

Witness  my  hand  this  10th  day  of  June,  1871 . 

CHAliLES  CIIANDLEK. 


NO.   C.      GRANT  OF  EXCLUSIVE   TERRITORIAL  RIGHT,  (BY  ASSIGNEES.) 

In,  consideration  of  one  thousand  dollars  to  us  paid  by  Wm. 
II.  Dinsmore  and  James  S.  Sanborn,  of  Concord,  New  JI«nt  ]>*///' re, 
we  do  hereby  assign,  grant  and  convey  to  the  said  Wm,  11.  Dins, 


49 

more  and  James  S.  Sanborn,  the  exclusive  right  to  make,  use  and 
vend  within  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  and  in  no  other  place  or  places, 
the  improvement  in  plows,  for  which  letters  patent  of  the  United 
States,  dated  August  25,  1867,  were  granted  to  Lemuel  II.  Harvey, 
and  by  said  Harvey  duly  assigned  to  us,  and  recorded  in  the  Patent 
Office,  the  same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the  said  William  H. 
Dinsmore  and  James  S,  Sanborn,  as  full  and  entirely  as  the  same 
would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by  us,  if  this  grant  had  not  been 
made. 

Witness  our  hands  this  I'Jtk  day  of  June,  1871. 
| 

i  STAMP,  (f 


' 5c' KEV- C&  CHARLES  CHANDLER, 


HENRY  H.  HARRIS. 

It  is  believed  that  a  careful  reading  of  the  above  forms  will 
enable  any  fairly  intelligent  person  to  draw  an  assignment  or  grant 
to  meet  any  particular  case,  taking  the  phraseology  wholly  from 
one  form,  or  partly  from  one  and  partly  from  another,  as  the 
circumstanc«s  in  hand  dictate. 

LICENSES. 

A  license  under  a  patent  is  an  oral  or  written  permit  to  make, 
sell,  or  use  a  patented  invention,  conveying  no  interest  in  the  patent 
itself,  and  it  need  not  be  recorded. 

A  license  may  be  made  by  the  owner'  of  the  entire,  or  an 
undivided  interest  in  a  patent,  or  by  the  owner  of  an  exclusive  ter- 
ritorial right.  An  owner  of  a  license,  which,  by  its  terms,  is 
assignable,  can  assign  it  to  other  parties  at  his  pleasure.  Licenses 
require  a  five  cent  revenue  stamp  upon  each  sheet  or  piece  of  paper 
upon  which  they  are  written.  The  following'are  forms  of  license  : 

NO.    1.       LICENSE — SHOP  KIGIIT,  (gT  PATENTEE.) 

In  consideration  of  fifty  dollars  paid  me  by  Hart,  Holbrook, 
&  Company,  of  Albany,  JHew  York,  I  do  hereby  license  and  em- 


power  said  firm  to  manufacture  at  a  single,  foundry  and  machine 
xln>p  in  said  Alhmty,  and  in  no  other  place  or  places,  the  improve- 
ment in  Juirroirx,  for  which  letters  patent  of  the  United  States  No. 
71. SK;  were  granted  to  me  November  13,  18(58,  and  to  sell  the 
machines  so  manufactured  throughout  the  United  States,  to  the  full 
end  of  the  term  for  which  said  letters  patent  are  granted. 
Witness  my  hand  this  '22d  day  of  June,  1871. 

NOEL  HOLCOMB. 


LICENSE — SHOP    KIGIIT— ASSIGNABLE   AND    LIMITED,    (BY 
PATENTEES.) 

In  consideration  of  fifty  dollars,  we  do  hereby  license  Jlinnn. 
A.  Evarts,  of  Kingston,  New  York,  or  his  assigns,  to  manufacture 
at  a  single  foundry  and  machine  shop,  the  improved  seed  sower,  for 
which  letters  patent  of  the  United  States  No.  74,5(10  were  granted 
to  as  December  15,  1870,  to  the  number  of  one  hundred  of  such 
need  sowers  in  each  calendar  year,  and  no  more,  and  to  sell  such  seed 
sowers  so  made  in  the  United  States,  to  the  full  end  of  the  term  for 
which  said  letters  patent  are  granted. 
&-*~>f^J®%  Witness  our  hands  this  '24th  day  of  June,  1H71. 

HARLOW  HUGGINS, 
JAMES  E.  JILLSON. 


NO.    3.       LICENSE — NOT     EXCI.fSIVE — WITH     CONTRACT    FOlt     HOYALTY. 
(Taken  from  Patent  Office  Forms.  1 

This  agreement,  made  the  Vlth  day  of  ^<ptfnil>cr,  isr.s, 
between  Morrixon  White,  party  of  the  first  part,  and  the  i'nion- 
t'tirn,  Agricultural  Works,  party  of  the  second  part,  -witnessed! 
that  whereas  letters  patent  of  the  United  States  for  an  improvement 
in  Itorse  rakes  were  granted  to  the  party  of  the  first  part,  dated 
October  4,  1867  ;  and  whereas  the  party  of  the  second  part  is  desi- 
rous of  manufacturing  Jiorse  rakes  containing  said  patented 
improvement ;  now,  therefore,  the  parties  have  agreed  as  follows  : 


61 

I.  The  party  of  the  first  part  hereby  licenses  aiicl  empowers 
the  party  of  the  second  part  to  manufacture,  subject  to  the  condi- 
tions hereinafter  named,  at  their  factory  in  Uniontown,  Maryland, 
and  in  no  other  place  or  places,  to  the  end  of  the  term  for  which 
said  letters  patent  were  granted,  horse  rakes  containing  the  patented 
improvements,  and  to  sell  the  same  within  the  United  States. 

II.  The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  make  full  and  true 
returns  to  the  party  of  the  first  part,  under  oath,  upon  the  first  days 
of  July  and  January  in  each  year,  of  all  horse  rakes  containing  the 
patented  improvements  manufactured  by  them. 

III.  The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  pay  to  the  party 
of  the  first  part  fice  dollars,  as  a  license  fee  upon  every  horse  rake 
manufactured  by  said  party  of  the  second  part,  containing  the 
patented  improvements  ;  provided  that,  if  the  said  fee  be  paid  upon 
the  days  provided  herein  for  semi-annual  returns,  or  within  ten 
days  thereafter,  a  discount  of  fifty  per  cent,  shall  be  made  from  said 
fee  for  prompt  payment. 

IV.  Upon  failure  of  the  party  of  the  second  part  to  make 
returns,  or  to  make  payment  of  license  fees,  as  herein  provided,  for 
thirty  days  after  the  days  herein  named,  the  party  of  the  first  part 
may  terminate  this  license  by  serving  a  written  notice  upon  the 
party  of  the  second  part  ;  but  the  party  of  the  second  part  shall  not 
thereby  be  discharged  from  any  liability  to  the  party  of  the  first 
part,  for  any  license  fees  due  at  the  time  of  the  service  of  said 
notice. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  parties  above  named  (the  said  Union- 
tincn  Agricultural  Works,  by  its  president)  have  hereunto  set  their 
hands  this  day  and  year  first  above  written, 
^*=^BrfBB    "       MORRISON  WHITE, 

foe. BEY.*  UNIONTOWN  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS, 

Bv  JABEZ  REYNOLDS,  President. 


NO.   4.      LICENSE — EXCLUSIVE— WITH   CONTRACT   £oR   KOYALTY. 

This  agreement,  made  this  Wth  day  of  June,  1871,  between 
I..  Jl/irrison,  of  Jlnrtford,  Connecticut,  party  of  the  first 
part,  and  the  Excelsior  Iron  Works,  a  corporate,  body  under  the 
fmrx  ofxin'il  xfntr.  lt><-<itei!  mill  iloiinj  basin  exx  "f  Scir  Ji/'itu!  n.  -in 
xii Id  si < tie.  party  of  the  second  part,  witnesseth — 

That  whereas  letters  patent  of  the  United  States  were,  on  the 
29/7*  day  of  .fanu/try,  1871,  granted  to  said  party  of  the  first  part, 
for  an  improvement  in  store  ln>ol,-x,  which  said  patented  article  said 
party  of  the  second  part  is  desirous  to  make  and  sell ;  now,  there- 
fore, the  parties  have  agreed  as  follows  : 

I.  The  party  of  the  first  part  hereby  gives  to  the  party  of  the 
second    part,   the  exclusive  right  to  manufacture  and  sell   said 
patented  improvements,  to  the  end  of  the  term  of  said  patent,  sub- 
ject to  the  conditions  hereinafter  named. 

II.  The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  make  full  and  true 
returns,  on  the  first  days  of  January,  April,  July  and  October  in 
each  year,  of  all  of  said  patented  stove  Jiooks  made  by  them  in  the 
three  calendar  months  then  last  past,  and  if  said  party  of  the  first 
part  shall  not  be  satisfied,  in  any  respect,  with  any  such  return, 
then  he  shall  have  the  right,  either  by  himself  or  his  attorney,  to 
examine  any  and  all  of  the  books  of  account  of  said  party  of  the 
second  part,  containing  any  items,  charges,  memoranda  or  informa- 
tion relating  to  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  said  patented  stove  hooks, 
and  upon  request  made,  said  party  of  the  second  part  shall  produce 
all  such  books  for  said  examination. 

III.  The  party  of  the  second  part  agree  to  pay  the  party  of 
the  first  part  two  cents  as  a  license  fee  upon  every  one  of  said  pat- 
ented stove  Jiooks  made  by  them,  the  whole  of  said  license  fee  for 
each  quarterly  term  of  three  months,  as  hereinbefore  specified  to 
be  due  and  payable  within  fifteen  days  after  the  regular  return  clay 
for  that  quarter.     And  said  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  pay 
to  the  party  of  the  first  part  at  least  fifty  dollars,  as  said  license  fee. 


upott  each  of  said  quarterly  terms,  even  though  they  should  not 
make  enough  of  said  patented  stove  hooks  to  amount  to  that  sum  at 
the  regular  royalty  of  two  cents  apiece. 

IV.  Upon  failure  of  the  party  of  the  second  part  to  make 
returns,  or  to  make  payment  of  license  fees  as  herein  provided,  for 
thirty  days  after  such  returns  or  such  payments  are  due  respect- 
ively, then  the  party  of  the  first  part  may  terminate  this  license  by 
serving  a  written  notice  to  that  effect  upon  the  party  of  the  second 
part ;  but  said  party  of  the  second  part  shall  not  thereby  be  dis- 
charged from  any  liability  to  the  party  of  the  first  part  for  any 
license  fees  due  at  the  time  of  the  service  of  said  notice. 

In  witness  whereof  the  above  named  parties  (the  said  Excel- 
sior Iron  Works,  by  its  President)  have  hereto  set  their  hands  this 
day  and  year  first  above  written. 

fr^fr.-^  HENRY  L.  HARRISON, 

f>6a.Bxv.<§  Excelsior  Iron  Works, 

B!<  JOHN  HARTSHORN,  President. 

It  will  be  observed  that  under  form  No.  3,  the  licensee  is  not 
bound  to  make  a  single  one  of  the  patented  articles,  and  if  he  does 
not,  the  patentee  derives  no  profit  from  the  license.  It  is  not  an 
uncommon  thing  for  unscrupulous  manufacturers,  with  whose 
business  a  new  invention  would  interfere,  to  get  a  license  in  sub- 
stance like  form  No.  3,  except  to  make  it  exclusive,  and  perhaps 
leave  out  the  vacating  clause  at  the  end,  and  then  to  either  never 
make  a  single  one  of  the  patented  articles,  or  to  make  so  few  as 
to  make  it  really  amount  to  the  same  thing.  The  license  in  form 
No.  4  is  the  one  that  is  recommended,  for  under  it  the  licensee  is 
bound  to  pay  a  certain  sum,  as  royalty,  whether  he  make  a  single 
one  of  the  articles  or  not. 


u 

\0.    .").       TRANSFER   OF   TRADE    MARK. 

(From  Patent  Office  Forms.) 

We.,  Jolham  Mills  and  Abner  Clark,  of  Keokuk,  lotca,  part- 
ners under  the  firm  name  of  Mills  &  Clark,  in  consideration  of 
fice  hundred  dollars,  to  us  paid  by  Jarcis  Cane,  of  the.  mime  pin-,'. 
do  hereb}r  sell,  assign,  and  transfer  to  the  said  Jarcis  Case  and  his 
assigns  the  exclusive  right  to  use,  in  the  manufacture  of  stoves,  a 
certain  trade  mark  for  sloven,  deposited  by  us  in  the  United  States 
Patent  Office,  and  recorded  therein  July  1~>,  1870  ;  the  same  to  be 
held,  enjoyed  and  used  by  the  said  Jarcis  Cane  as  fully  and 
entirely  as  the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by  us,  if 
tliis  grant  had  not  been  made. 

Witness  our  hands  this  '_W/<  day  of  July,  1870. 

JOTHAM  MILLS, 
ABNER  CLARK. 

FORM  TOR  ARTICLES  OP  ASSOCIATION 

(OF    THE 

WrLLFAW  PATENT  STEAM  GOVERXOlt 

MANl'FArniKIXO    COMPANY.) 

The  subscribers  hereby  associate  themselves  as  a  body  corpo- 
rate and  politic,  under  and  in  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  the 
statute  laws  of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  authorizing  and  regulating 
the  formation  of  joint  stock  corporations,  and  they  adopt  the  fol- 
lowing general  articles  of  association  and  agreement : 

I.  The  name  of  the  corporation  shall  be  the  William*  J'lifenl 
Fleam  Governor  Manufacturing  Company,  and  its  capital  stock 
shall  be  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  divided  into  shares  of 
twenty-five  dollars  each. 

II.  The  purpose  for  which   this  said   corporation  is  to  be 
organized  is  to  manufacture  and  sell  the  steam  governor  covered,  by 
letters  patent  of  the  United  States,  dated  February  lilt,  1871,  and 
numbered  102,232,   issued  to    Chauncey    William*,    to  sett  rlyht* 


55 

under  said  letters  patent,  and  to  buy  and  sell,  and  deal  generally  in 
such  real  and  personal  estate  as  may  be  necessary  and  convenient 
in  the  successful  prosecution  of  said  business. 

III.  The  principal  place  of  business  of  said  corporation  shall 
be  at  Hartford,  in  said  state. 

IV.  Each  subscriber  hereto  agrees  to  take   the  number  of 
shares  in  the  capital  stock  of  said  corporation  set  against  his  name, 
to  be  paid  for  by  installments,  as  called  for  by  the  directors  hereaf- 
ter to  be  appointed. 

V.  It  is  mutually  understood  and  agreed  by  and  between  the 
subscribers  hereto,  that  said  Chauncey  Williams,  or  his  legal  rep- 
resentatives,   may  subscribe  hereto  for  that  number  of   shares, 
whose  par  value  amounts  to  twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  and  that 
when  said  letters  patent  are  fully  assigned  to  said  corporation,  said 
Williams,  and  his  legal  representatives,  shall  be  freed  from  any 
further  liability  on  account  thereof,  which  said  allowance,  together 
with  ten  thousand  dollars  in  cash,  which  it  is  agreed,  and  understood 
shall  be  paid  to  said  Williams  before  said  corporation  shall  com- 
mence to  prosecute  said  business,  shall  be  in  full  payment  for  said 
letters  patent,  and  the  invention  covered  thereby,  which  shall  then 
become  the  full  and  exclusive  property  of  said  corporation. 

Dated  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  4th,  1871. 

NAMES.  NO.  OF  SHARKS.  1'AK  VALUE. 

Upon  such  a  basis  as  this,  the  inventor  can  proceed,  till  he 
st'cures  the  requisite  subscribers,  after  which  it  is  advisable  to 
follow  the  advice  of  some  local  attorney,  as  to  giving  notice  of  the 
first  meeting  of  the  company,  etc. 


IE1  O  IR,  UVU  S 

FUI: 

POWEES  O'f  AT'TOllWIY 


SELL    RiaHTS,    ETC. 

WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS,     ETC. 


FORMS  FOR  POWER  OF  ATTORNEY. 


NO.    1.      POWEK   OF  ATTORNEY. 
(By  the  Patentee.) 

I,  John  Haighl,  of.  Hartford,  Connecticut,  patentee  and 
owner  of  letters  patent  of  the  United  States,  No,  100,001,  for  an 
improvement  in  Mouse  Traps,  dated  May  10,  1870,  do  hereby 
appoint  Hiram  Handsome,  of  said  Hartford,  my  attorney,  with 
full  power  to  make  assignments,  grants,  or  licenses  ot  any  kind, 
under  said  patent,  with  full  power  to  sign  my  name  to  all  such 
instruments,  and  to  receive  and  receipt  for  all  considerations 
received  in  exchange  for  any  of  said  rights,  but  with  no  power  to 
bind  me  in  any  manner  further  than  to  make  binding  and  legal  all 
such  assignments,  grants  and  licenses. 

This  power  is  in  force  till  a  revocation  in  writing  shall  be 
duly  recorded  upon  the  records  of  the  United  States  Patent  Office, 
where  this  power  of  attorney  will  be  found  duly  recorded. 

Witness  my  hand  this  HtJt  day  of  Jane,  A.  D.  1871. 

JOHN  HAIOHT. 

Witnesses,  p^  t^jtur-.  t^ja*^  (^at^ 

Charles  H    Hawser,  J        KEVENUE'STAMP.       S 

Henry  C.   Cable. 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  foregoing  power  gives  to  the 
attorney,  while  the  power  is  unrevoked,  as  full  power  over  the 
patent  as  the  owner  has,  and  makes  no  provision  for  ensuring  that 
the  owner  shall  know  of  the  terms  of  each  sale,  or  for  the  safety  of 
the  funds  received.  Although  it  is  a  common  form,  it  cannot  be 
recommended.  The  following  is  the  form  that  is  recommended  : 


60 

NO.    2.      POWER   OF   ATTORNEY,    (WITIT   nKSTRICTIOXS.) 

(By  the  Assignees  of  entire  right.) 

AVe,  William  M.  Nolle,  and  ////////  A'.  Jiiinxoni,  of  Jhirtfortl, 
assignees  and  owners  of  the  entire  right  in  and  to  let- 
ters patent  of  the  United  Slates  No.  100,002,  for  an  improvement 
in  Garden  Hoes,  dated  May  10,  1870,  do  hereby  appoint  llm-rii/ 
I In  a  <f//,  of  said  Hartford,  our  attorney,  with  full  power  to  make 
assignments,  grants  or  licenses  of  any  kind,  under  said  patent, 
with  full  power  to  sign  our  names  to  all  such  instruments,  and  to 
receive  and  receipt  for,  in  our  name,  all  considerations  received  in 
exchange  for  any  of  said  rights,  but  with  no  power  to  bind  us,  or 
either  of  us,  further  than  to  make  binding  and  legal  all  such  assign- 
ments, grants,  and  licenses,  he  to  exercise  all  power  herein  con- 
ferred under  the  following  conditions,  without  which  no  act  of  his 
under  this  authority  shall  be  valid. 

I.  He  shall  sell  at  not  less  than  the  following  prices  : 
For  the  whole  patent,  $20,000. 

For  any  state,  such  part  of  $20,000  as  the  population  of  the 
state  in  question  bears  ratio  to  the  whole  population  of  the  United 
States,  this  result  to  be  doubled  to  find  the  price  for  said  state. 

For  any  county,  such  part  of  the  price  for  the  stale,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  foregoing  directions,  as  the  population  of  the  said 
county  bears  ratio  to  the  population  of  the  state,  this  result  to  be 
doubled  to  find  the  value  of  said  county. 

For  any  town,  such  part  of  the  price  of  the  county  in  which 
it  is  situated,  determined  as  hereinbefore  directed,  as  the  population 
of  the  town  bears  ratio  to  the  population  of  the  county,  this  result 
to  be  doubled  to  find  the  value  of  said  town. 

All  sales  of  licenses,  and  all  territorial  sales  at  less  than  the 
prices  given  above,  to  be  subject  to  our  approval  by  letter  or  tele- 
gram. 

II.  All  payments  for  rights  thus  sold  shall  be  made  either  in 
cash  wholly,  or  in  not  less  than  one  half  cash,  and  one  half  in  good 


promissory  notes,  to  mature  within  six  months  from  clay  of  sale; 
and  either  signed  or  endorsed  by  a  person  or  persons  of  ample 
pecuniary  responsibility.  All  such  cash  shall  be  deposited  by  the1 
payer  thereof  with  the  nearest  bank,  or  responsible  private  banker,- 
payable  to  the  joint  order  of  our  said  attorney  and  ourselves,  and 
all  such  promissory  notes  shall  be  made  in  three  notes  of  equal 
amount,  payable  to  the  joint  order  of  ourselves  and  our  said  attor- 
ney, and  delivered  to  him.  Any  payment  aforesaid  in  anywise 
deviating  from  these  provisions,  to  be  subject  to  our  approval  by 
letter  or  telegram. 

This  power  shall  remain  in  force  till  a  written  revocation 
thereof  shall  be  recorded  on  the  records  of  the  Patent  Office  of  the 
United  States,  where  this  power  will  be  found  recorded. 

Witness  our  hands  this  \0tk  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1871. 

Witnesses,  WILLIAM  M.  NOBLE, 

ftimuel  8.  Simmons,  HUGH  R.  RANSOM. 

Thomas  T.   Tompkins. 


50  CENT 
REVENUE   STAMP.  < 


The  reader  is,  probably,  not  artless  enough  to  need  the  sug- 
gestion that  it  is  well  to  put  the  stated  price  in  the  power  high 
enough  to  allow  the  agent  to  fall  sensibly  therefrom,  and  yet  get  a 
fair  price.  There  is  nothing  that  will  incite  a  person  to  buy  an 
article  so  much  as  to  think  he  is  getting  it  much  below  its  real 
value. 

NO,  3.      PRIVATE  AGREEMENT  TO  ACCOMPANY  POWER  OF  ATTORNEY, 

This  agreement  made  this  \QlJi  day  of  June,  1871,  between 
William  M.  Noble  and  Iluyh  R.  Ransom,  party  of  the  first  part, 
and  Harvey  Handy,  party  of  the  second  part,  all  of  Hartford,  Ct., 
Witnesseth,  ' 


I.  That  the  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  use  his  best 
endeavors  to  sell  rights  under  letters  patent  No.  100,002,  dated  J/<n/ 
10,  1871,  for  the  party  of  the  first  part,  under  the  terms  and  condi- 
tions of  a  power  of  attorney  of  even  date  herewith,  from  the  party 
of  the  first  part  to  the  party  of  the  second  part,  such  endeavors  to 
continue  until  said  power  of  attorney  is  revoked,  or  until  the  party 
of  the  second  part  notifies  the  party  of  the  first  part,  in  writing, 
that  he  no  longer  wishes  to  be  bound  by  this  agreement. 

II.  The  party  of  the  first  part  agrees  to  pay  to  the  party  of 
the  second  part  one  third  part  of  all  the  proceeds  from  said  sales, 
as  remuneration  for  his  services  in  this  behalf,  and  this  remunera- 
tion shall  be  due  and  payable  from  cash  received,  as  soon  as  depos- 
ited as  provided  in  said  power  of  attorney,  and  from  promissory 
notes  received,  as  soon  as  the  same  are  delivered  to  the  party  of  the 
second  part,  the  party  of  the  second  part  to  retain  as  his  property 
one  of  the  three  said  equal  promissory  notes,  and  to  immediately 
forward  the  other  two  to  party  of  the  first  part.     This  allowance 
to  be  in  full  of  all  charges  whatsoever,  in  this  behalf,  against  party 
of  the  first  part,  and  said  party  of  the  second  part  is  to  bear  his 
own  expenses,  of  whatever  nature. 

In  witness  whereof  the  said  parties  have  hereto  set  their 
hands  this  10<7t  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1871. 

Witnesses,  &*r^  ^n*$  WILLIAM  M.  NOJlU:, 

Kimud  8.  Simmons,      J£  £;,££•  J          HUGH  R.  RANSOM, 
Thos.  T.  Tompkins.      &»-*  J^g          HARVEY  HANDY. 

Both  parties  should  have  one  of  these  agreements,  which 
should  be  made  in  duplicate  for  that  purpose ;  of  course,  this 
agreement  is  for  nothing  but  private  use,  and  is  not  to  be  shown 
generally. 


63 

NO.  4.      REVOCATION  OF  POWER  OF  ATTORNEY. 

Having,  on  the  IQlh  day  of  June,  1871,  appointed  Harvey 
,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  our  attorney  to  sell  rights  under  letters 
patent  No.  100,002,  dated  May  10,  1871,  for  us,  we  do  hereby,  for 
full  and  sufficient  reasons,  revoke;  said  power  of  attorney  to  him, 
and  declare  his  authority  to  act  for  us  in  any  manner  to  be  at  an 
end. 

Witness  our  hands  this  \lh  day  of  July,  A.  D.  1871,  at  Hart- 
ford,   Colin. 

Witnesses,  WM.  M.  NOBLE, 

x,  '  m  .  >'.  Mm  mom,  HUGH  R.  RANSOM. 

Titos.  T.  Tvmpkiit*. 

NO.  .".       I'OWEll  OF  ATTORNEY  TO  SELL  RIGHTS,  C,  O.   I>. 

I,  Cltarlix  Caution*,  of  Hertford,  Conn.,  owner  of  letters 
patent  of  the  United  States  No.  102,204,  dated  February  IMh,  1871, 
hereby  authorize  Hiram  Handu,  of  said  Hartford,  to  sell  assign- 
ments. grants  and  licenses  under  said  patent,  such  sales  to  be 
approved  by  me  before  becoming  valid,  upon  which  approval  in 
each  case,  1  will  send  the  necessary  assignment,  grant  or  license, 
duly  executed  by  me,  by  express  to  said  Handy,  accompanied  with 
instructions  to  the  carrier  to  allow  said  Handy,  and  the  buyer  or 
buyers  of  any  such  right,  to  examine  such  conveyance,  and  upon 
delivery  of  the  same,  to  collect  for  return  to  me  such  money,  notes, 
or  articles  as  I  am  to  receive  in  consideration  of  such  sale. 

Signed  and  sealed  by  me,  this  3lst  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1871. 
»«.-  v*«-^  v^g^E^g-  CHARLES  CAUTIOl'*, 

J)  50   CENT  (\f 

q)  REVENUE    STAMP.  (Jj 


All  powers  of  attorney  to  sell  rights,  and  all  revocations 
thereof,  should  be  recorded  at  the  Patent  Office,  so  that  buyers  may 


fit 

have  full  notice  of  a  revocation,  and  be  protected  thereagainst 
Notwithstanding  the  provision  in  the  power  of  attorney  that  "ir 
attorney  shall  only  sell  for  cash  and  notes,  it  is  well  to  agree  ver- 
bally that  he  may  sell  for  real  estate,  subject,  of  course,  to  approval 
by  letter  or  telegram,  and  when  this  is  done,  the  deed  for  the  same 
can  be  made  to  the  joint  names  of  the  owner,  or  owners,  of  the 
patent  and  the  attorney,  and  the  land  can  afterward  be  divided,  if 
not  satisfactorily  sold  for  cash,  allowing  the  attorney  one-third,  as 
in  other  cases.  If  articles  of  personal  property,  as  produce,  horses, 
diamonds,  etc.,  are  offered  in  exchange  for  rights,  it  is  best  to  take 
them,  and  then  sell  them  for  cash. 


MORTGAGE    OF    PATENTS. 

Although  the  patent  law  does  not  expressly  provide  lor 
inoi  tgage  of  patents,  it  plainly  indicates  that  such  mortgages  can  be 
made,  for  the  last  part  of  section  ;](>,  Act  of  July  8,  1870,  reads, 

" — and  said  assignment,  grant,  or  conveyance  shall  be  void,  as 
against  any  subsequent  purchaser  or  mortgagee,  for  a  valuable  con- 
sideration," etc.,  etc. 

This  may  sometimes  avail  as  a  sccuri  ty  whereon  to  borrow 
money,  and  the  following  is  a  form  : 

NO.  I .   FOHM  FOR  MORTGAGE  OF  PATENT. 

In  consideration  of  five  hundred  dollars,  to  me  paid  by 
C'/Munccy  C.  Colton,  of  (Janton,  Connecticut,  I  do  hereby  assign 
and  mortgage  to  said  Chaunccy  C.  Coltm,  all  my  right,  title  and 
interest  in  and  to  a  certain  invention  in  rakes,  as  fully  set  forth  and 
described  in  letters  patent  of  the  United  Stales  No.  100.003,  dated 


65 

January  29,  1871,  of  which  invention  and  letters  patent  I  am  sole 
owner. 

The  condition  of  this  assignment  is  such  that  whereas,  I  am 
justly  indebted  to  said  Cotton  in  the  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars,  as 
evidenced  by  my  promissory  note  of  even  date  herewith,  payable  to 
said  Cotton,  or  order,  one  year  from  date,  with  interest ;  now,  if 
said  note  shall  be  well  and  truly  paid  according  to  its  tenor,  then 
this  assignment  and  mortgage  shall  be  null  and  void  ;  otherwise  to 
be  of  full  force  and  effect. 

In  witness  whereof  I  hereto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this  IQth 
day  of  June,  1871. 

AVitnesses,  ABRAM  ANDERSON, 

Barton  B.  Brown, 
Charles  C.  Colter. 

State  of  Connecticut,)         Hurffftrd    Ti/nflOth  1871 
County  of  Hartford,  $  ss'  Ha1tJ°™>  J< 

Then  personally  appeared  before  me,  the  subscribing  author- 
ity, Abram  Anderson,  signer  and  sealer  of  the  foregoing  instru- 
ment, and  acknowledged  the  same  to  be  his  free  act  and  deed. 

DARIUS  D.  DERBY, 
Clerk  of  the  Saperior  Court 
for  said  County. 


Since  that  an  assignment  of  a  patent  needs  not  to  be  sealed, 
witnessed  nor  acknowledged,  perhaps  the  same  formalities  can  be 
dispensed  with  in  a  mortgage,  but  as  such  a  mortgage  can  probably 
be  foreclosed  in  a  state  court,  if  not  put  within  the  jurisdiction  of  a 


66 

federal  court,  by  matters  extrinsic  from  the  patent  law,  it  is  safest 
to  make  such  a  mortgage  conform  to  the  mortgage  laws  of  the  stale 
within  which  the  mortgage  is  executed,  and  the  laws  of  most,  if  not 
all  the  states  require  that  a  mortgage,  shall  be  scaled,  witnessed  and 
acknowledged.  The  form  of  witnessing  and  acknowledgement 
given  above,  is  the  proper  one  for  the  state  of  Connecticut.  In 
executing  a  mortgage  in  another  state,  the  mortgage  should  con- 
form, in  these  particulars,  to  the  local  law,  which  docs  not,  how- 
ever, vary  much  in  the  different  states. 

An  acknowledgement  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  or  a 
Notary  Public,  or  other  officer  authorized  to  take  acknowledgments, 
will  be  valid,  but  it  is  better  to  acknowledge  before  the  Clerk  of  a 
court  of  record,  for  then  his  signature  and  seal  will  not  generally 
need  any  further  authentication  for  any  purpose,  while  that  of  a 
justice,  notary,  or  other  officer,  may.  These  mortgages  require  rev- 
enue stamps  to  the  extent  of  fifty  cents  for  every  five  hundred 
dollars  of  consideration,  or  fractional  part  thereof ;  thus,  a  mort- 
gage for  $2,GOO  dollars  would  require  $3.00  in  stamps,  five  fifty 
cent  stamps  for  the  first  $ 2,500,  and  fifty  cents  for  $100  in  excess 
thereof. 


HINTS    UPON 


J< INDRED    MATTERS. 


HOW    TO    INVENT. 

It  is  beyond  the  scope  of  this  work  literally  to  teach  how  to 
invent ;  it  is  beyond  the  scope,  or  power,  of  any  work  to  do  this. 
No  mere  words  can  endow  a  brain  with  the  subtle  power  of  evolv- 
ing from  its  inner  self  positive  intellectual  creations. 

If  this  power  could  be  imparted  and  conveyed  by  words, 
invention  would  soon  cease  to  attract  unusual  attention,  or  to  have 
any  extraordinary  money  value  ;  for,  then,  the  science  of  invention 
would  be  taught  in  the  schools,  would  be  formulated  in  the  books, 
and  when  an  invention  should  be  found  needful,  the  person  needing 
it  would  simply  consult  such  books,  or  counsel  with  the  professor 
of  the  science,  and,  presto,  the  required  article  would  vault,  full 
grown,  upon  the  scene. 

Invention,  like  poetry,  sculpture  and  painting,  is  a  gift,  an 
endowment  of  nature,  often  rising  to  the  height  of  genius.  Like  all 
other  gifts,  it  can  be  cultivated  and  strengthened  by  exercise,  till 
the  acquired  power  as  little  resembles  the  original  crude  gift,  as  the 
oak,  which  has  breasted  a  thousand  storms,  does  the  acorn  from 
which  it  originally  sprung. 

This  gift  is,  probably,  the  possession,  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  of  all  human  beings  of  sound  mind,  nor  does  it  seem  to 
require  inventive  capacity  of  the  highest  order  to  produce  impor- 
tant inventions.  More  than  one  invention,  which  has  made  its 
originator  rich,  famous,  and  all  but  immortal,  has  been  the  product 
of  minds  that  lay  no  claim  to  kinship  with  genius.  That  quality  of 
mind  and  character,  which  led  Charles  Goodyear  to  pursue  for 
years,  the  ignis  fntuus  of  hard  rubber,  till  in  a  happy  moment  he 
stumbled  upon  the  coveted  secret,  can  hardly  be  called  genius. 
Peter  Cooper  is  well  known  as  a  successful  inventor ;  he  is  not, 


however,  it  is  believed,  ranked  as  a  genius.  That  inventors  are 
sometimes  geniuses,  it  is  not  necessary  to  say.  The  names  of  such 
as  Whitney,  Ericsson  and  Blanchard  are  too  familiar,  ytill,  it  is 
true  that  most  men  and  women  can  become  inventors  of  that  which 
will  net  them  wealth,  if  not  fame,  by  the  aid  of  ATTENTION  and 
PERSEVERANCE. 

ATTENTION,  constant,  careful  and  thoughtful  attention  to 
what  is  going  on  in  the  world  about  one,  will  soon  enable  him  to 
discover  many  little  gaps  which  it  is  needful  to  fill  with  an  inven- 
tion, some  small  practical  improvement,  it  may  be,  which,  if  it  can 
be  cheaply  made,  and  effective  in  operation,  will  fill  a  general  want, 
and  thus  command  an  extensive  sale. 

Having  thus,  by  the  aid  of  attention,  discovered  where  an 
invention  is  needed,  steady  PERSEVERANCE  in  holding  the  matter  in 
mind,  all  the  while  intently  striving  to  devise  a  contrivance  to  fill 
the  need,  will,  sooner  or  later,  result  in  making  the  desired  inven- 
tion. The  inventor,  gifted  by  nature  with  a  genius  for  his  ait,  has, 
prominent  among  all  his  other  powers,  that  of  projecting  before  his 
mind's  eye,  upon  an  invisible  background  of  imagination,  a  picture 
bold  and  sharp,  of  the  offspring  of  his  brain.  But  for  all  this,  no 
one  need  be  discouraged,  if  he  spoils  scores  of  fair  sheets  of  paper 
with  his  sketches,  and  dozens  of  shapely  blocks  of  wood  with  his 
knife  and  gimlet,  before  he  demonstrates  to  his  own  satisfaction, 
that  his  invention  will  work. 


PRINCIPAL  REQUISITES  OF  AN  INDENTION. 

IT  MUST  WORK. — Upon  this  point  of  the  practical  working 
of  a  new  device,  an  inventor  can  hardly  be  too  severe  or  critical 
with  himself— he  must  not  give  over  his  efforts  till  he  is  sure, 
beyond  a  doubt,  that  his  invention  will  practically  supply  the  want 
for  which  he  has  designed  it,  irrespective  of  any  of  those  little 
allowances  that  inventors  are  apt  to  make  for  these  children  of 


71 

their  brain.  There  maybe  cases  where  an  invention  will  be  pecun- 
iari'.y  successful,  when,  though  it  may  not  work  perfectly,  it  is  yet 
the  best  thing  so  far  found  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  designed. 
This  is,  obviously,  a  poor  dependence,  for  it  will  probably  be  com- 
paratively easy  for  some  future  inventor  to  perfect  the  incomplete 
invention,  and  thus  destroy  the  first  inventor's  prospects. 

IT  MUST  BE  AS  SIMPLE  AS  POSSIBLE. — There  are  many  people, 
among  them  some  inventors,  who  seem  to  think  that  a  complicated 
arrangement  of  wheels  and  levers  is  the  thing  to  be  desired  in  a  new 
invention.  A  greater  mistake  was  never  made ;  to  attain  the 
utmost  simplicity  is  the  test  of  genius  in  invention,  and  a  prime 
desideratum.  Simplicity  in  an  article  cheapens  the  cost  of  its  pro- 
duction, and  makes  it  a  formidable  competitor  for  its  rivals.  The 
difference  of  a  cent  or  two  in  the  first  cost  of  an  article  often  deter- 
mines its  success  in  the  market. 

Simplicity  also  tends  to  make  an  article  grow  in  favor  with 
those  who  use  it ;  it  is  the  more  easily  understood,  and  less  liable  to 
breakage. 


SMALL     INVENTIONS. 

He  who  aspires  to  be  ranked  as  a  great  inventor  may,  per- 
haps, best  apply  himself  to  the  production  of  some  complicate  me- 
chanism, which  shall  take  rank  beside  the  steam  engine,  the  solar 
engine,  Blanchard's  lathe  for  irregular  forms,  and  the  like,  but 
those  who  will  be  satisfied  with  money  returns  may  safely  confine 
themselves  to  small  inventions,  which  remedy  some  defect  in  some 
contrivance  already  in  use,  or  supply  some  domestic,  business  or 
agricultural  want. 

Good  toys,  well  pushed,  are  sure  to  prove  remunerative  ;  the 
return  ball  is  a  favorite  instance.  Househould  articles  have  the 
most  extensive  market  of  anything ;  immense  fortunes  are,  obvi- 
ously, being  made  from  the  fruit  jars  now  so  common.  Small 


72 

articles  require  but  little  capital  for  their  manufacture  and  introduc- 
tion, while  complicate  and  costly  machines  can  only  be  successfully 
handled  by  parties  of  large  means. 


INVENTION    AS    A    TRADE. 

No  one  should  make  invention  the  main  business  of  his 
life,  his  reliance  for  a  livelihood,  till  he  is  possessed  of  so  much  of 
this  world's  goods,  that  he  will  not  suffer,  if  he  never  reali/.rs 
a  dollar  from  his  inventions.  Otherwise  he  will  be  very  likely  to 
speedily  have  his  face  hard  down  upon  the  grindstone,  which  has 
for  ages  ground  the  faces  of  the  poor,  but,  as  yet,  gives  no  sign  of 
diminution  in  the  speed  of  its  revolution,  or  of  wearing  away  by 
attrition.  Let  him  devote  every  evening  in  the  year,  if  he  will,  to 
invention,  and  ponder  upon  it  at  every  spare  moment  in  the  day, 
but  let  him  not  relax  his  industry  in  his  regular  occupation,  till  he 
is  in  such  circumstances  that  it  matters  but  little  whether  he  ever 
toils.  The  writer  has  in  mind,  in  saying  this,  two  men  whom 
he  has  known,  both  of  them  gifted  with  considerable  power  of 
invention,  men  of  many  admirable  qualities  of  character,  good 
mechanics,  whose  services  are  always  in  demand,  and  who  are 
capable  of  earning,  with  but  ordinary  industry,  more  than  enough 
to  support  themselves  and  their  families,  in  ease  and  comfort,  but 
who  are  continually  at  their  wits'  end  to  pay  their  rent,  and  to  pro- 
cure but  the  commonest  necessaries  of  life  ;  all  because  they  will 
constantly  neglect  their  regular  work,  to  give  form  and  substance 
to  the  creations  of  their  brains.  Not  only  docs  the  course  they 
pursue  make  them  exceedingly  uncomfortable  in  the  mere  matter  of 
living,  but  it  effectually  deprives  them  of  the  chance  of  ever  accu- 


73 

mulating  the  small  amount  of  funds  necessary  to  perfect  the  small- 
est invention,  and  introduce  it  to  the  public  notice. 


CHEAP    AND    EFFICIENT    PROTEC- 
TION. 

In  Mrs.  Glass'  Cook  Book,  under  the  head  of  "  How  to  cook 
a  Hare,"  the  primary  direction  is,  "First  catch  your  hare."  The 
inventor  having  caught  his  hare,  in  that  he  has  made  his  invention, 
will  next  naturally  proceed  to  cook  it,  that  is,  to  realize  some  good 
from  it.  The  first  step  in  this  direction  is  to  secure  protection,  and 
a  most  advisable  preliminary  move  is  to  assemble  three  or  four 
intelligent  and  reliable  friends,  explain  to  them  the  model  or  draw- 
ing of  the  newly  invented  device,  and  then  have  them  all  sign  a 
paper  substantially  like  the  following  : 

"Hartford,  Conn.,  January  2d,  1871. 

"  John  Smith  has  this  day  explained  to  us,  so  that  we  fully 
understand  the  same,  the  model  (or  drawing)  of  a  Washing  Ma- 
chine that  he  claims  to  have  invented. 

JAMES  JONES, 
CHARLES  BROWN, 
HENRY  ROBINSON." 

This  paper  should  be  carefully  kept,  for  in  the  future  it  may 
prove  of  great  value  in  establishing  the  inventor's  priority,  in  point 
of  time,  over  some  competitor.  This  proceeding  will  be  found 
especially  valuable,  if  any  considerable  time  is  allowed  to  elapse 
after  the  invention  is  made,  before  a  patent  is  applied  for. 


74 

The  patent  law  allows  an  invention  to  go  into  public  use  and 
sale  for  two  years  before  application  for  a  patent,  but  it  is  probably 
never  advisable  to  take  advantage  of  this  privilege,  unless  forced  to 
it  by  necessity.  It  is  better  to  keep  the  invention  secret  till  the 
funds  for  procuring  a  patent  can  be  acquired  in  sonic  other  way. 


ABOUT    SOLICITORS. 

A  few  words  about  professional  solicitors  of  patents  may  not 
be  inappropriate,  for  it  is  advisable  for  almost  all  persons  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  services  of  a  faithful  solicitor,  in  such  securing 
patents. 

In  America,  the  practice  of  soliciting  letters  patent  for  inven- 
tions, has  been,  and  is  being  largely  carried  on  by  unprofessional 
persons.  Men  who  have  neither  paid  earnest  and  persevering 
attention  to  the  mechanic  arts,  nor  have  mastered  the  details  of  the 
legal  profession,  have  deemed  themselves  fully,  competent  to  under- 
take this  delicate  and  difficult  work,  which,  beyond  question, 
demands  a  thorough  knowledge  of  all  mechanical  and  chemical 
terms  and  processes  in  general  use,  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  law  in 
general,  and  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  patent  law  in  particular. 

This  evil  had  become  so  aggravated,  as  to  cause  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Patents,  Hon.  S.  S.  Fisher,  in  his  annual  report  for  isr.'.i. 
to  take  notice  of  it,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following 

EXTRACT  : 

"  Where  establishments  are  organized  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
curing patents,  they  are  apt  to  become  more  solicitous  about  the 
number  than  the  quality  of  those  which  they  obtain.  .  This  tendency 


is  aggravated  by  those  who  solicit  patents  upon  contingent  fees,  or 
who,  without  special  training  or  qualifications,  adopt  this  business 
us  an  incident  to  a  claim  agency,  and  press  for  patents  as  they  press 
tor  back  pay  and  pensions.  Such  men  are  often  more  desirous  of 
obtaining  a  patent  of  any  kind,  and  by  any  means,  than  they  are  of 
obtaining  one  which  shall  be  of  any  value  to  their  clients.  Invent- 
ors are  often  poor,  uneducated,  and  lacking  in  legal  knowledge. 
They  desire  a  cheap  solicitor,  and  do  not  know  how  to  choose  a 
good  one.  They  are  pleased  with  the  parchment  and  the  seal,  and 
are  not  themselves  able  to  judge  of  the  scope  or  value  of  the  grant. 
Honest  and  skillful  solicitors,  with  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
practice  of  the  office,  and  of  patent  law,  and  who  are  able  and 
willing  to  advise  their  clients  as  to  the  exact  value  of  the  patents 
which  they  can  obtain  for  them,  may  be  of  much  service  to  invent- 
ors. There  are  many  such,  but  those  who  care  for  nothing  but  to 
give  them  something  called  a  patent,  that  they  may  secure  their 
own  fee,  have  in  too  many  instances  proved  a  curse.  To  get  rid  of 
their  client  and  of  trouble,  they  have  sometimes  been  content  to 
take  less  than  he  was  entitled  to,  while  in  many  cases  they  have, 
with  much  self  laudation,  presented  him  with  the  shadow,  when  the 
substance  was  beyond  his  reach," 

The  following  is  from  the  Patent  Office  "  Rules  and  Regula- 
tions" on  this  subject : 

"  Any  person  of  intelligence  and  good  moral  character  may 
appear  as  the  attorney  in  fact,  or  agent  of  an  applicant,  upon  filing 
a  proper  power  of  attorney.  As  the  value  of  patents  depends 
largely  upon  the  careful  preparation  of  the  specification  and  claims, 
the  assistance  of  competent  counsel  will,  in  most  cases,  be  of 
advantage  to  the  applicant,  but  the  value  of  their  services  will  be 
proportioned  to  their  skill  and  honesty.  So  many  persons  have 
entered  this  profession  of  late  years  without  experience,  that  too 
much  care  cannot  be  exercised  in  the  selection  of  a  competent  man. 
The  office  cannot  assume  responsibility  for  the  acts  of  attorneys, 


nor  can  it  assist  applicants  in  making  a  selection.     It  will,  how- 
ever. In1  a  safe  rule  to  distrust  those  who  boast  of  the  possession  of 
special  and  peculiar  facilities  in  the  office,  for  procuring  patents  iu 
:i  shorter  time,  or  with  more  extended  claims  than  others.'' 
From  which  it  is  very  easy  to  draw  the  following 
MORAL. — In  selecting  a  solicitor,  find  one  who  has  had  some 
special  training  for  his  business,  and  whose  integrity  is  to  be  relied 
upon. 


C  IE  1ST  S  TJ  S 


OF    THE 


UNITED     STATES, 

Stutess    Mini    O 

1870. 


CENSUS 


United  States,  toy  Comities,  for  18' 


ALABAMA— Area,  50,722  square  miles. 

Autauga 11,623  Dallas 40,705  Marshall 9,871 

Baker. 6,104  De Kalb 7,12f! 


Baldwin 6,004  Elmore 14,477 


Barbour 23,309  Escambia 

Bibb 7,469  Etowah 

Blouut 9,945  Fayette 

Bullock 24,474  Franklin 

Butler 14,981  Geneva 

C'alhouu 13,9HO  Greene 

Chambers 17,5(52  i  Hale 

Cherokee  11,132  Henry 


4,041 
10,109 
7,136 
8,006 
2,959 
18,399 
21,792 
14,191 


Mobile 49,311 

Montgomery 43,704 

Morgan 12,187 

Monroe... 14,214 

Perry 24,975 

Pickens 17,690 

Pike 17,423 

Randolph 12,006 

Russell 21,636 

Sandford 8,893 


Choctaw 12,676  j  Jackson 19,410  Shelby 12,218 

Clark 14,663  i  Jefferson 12,345  St.  Clair 9,360 

Clay 9,560  ILauderdale 15,091  Sumter 24,109 

Cleburne 8,017  !Lawrence 16,658  Talladega 18,064 

Coffee 6,171  !Lee 21,750  Tallapoosa 16,963 

Colbert 12,537  [Limestone 15,017  j Tuscaloosa 20,081 

Conecub 9,574  Lowndes 25,719  Walker 6,543 

Coosa ll,945iMacon 17, 727 1 Washington 3,912 

Covingtoii 4,868  JMadison 31,267  Wilcox 28,377 

Crenshaw 11,156  jMarengo 26,151  Winston 4,155 

Dale 11,325  (Marion 6,059          Total 996,992 

ARKANSAS— Area,  52,198  square  miles. 

Arkansas 8,268  Franklin 9,627 :  Montgomery 2,984 

Ashley 8,042jFulton 4,843iNewton 4,374 

Benton 13,831;Grant 3,943 .  Oauchita 12,975 

Boone 7,032  ;Green 7,573[Perry 2,685 


.  .  .     3,853 

5,877  Pike  

3,788 

5,780 

14  566  1  Poinsett      

1,720 

7,214 

6,806  ''  Polk  .">  

3,376 

Clark 

11  953 

7  268  Pope 

8,386 

11,397 

15,733  Prairie  

5,604 

8  112 

9  152  Pulaski    

32,066 

8,957 

9,139  Randolph  

7,466 

3,831 

5  981  St  Francis  

6,7U 

4,577 

3,236  Saline  

....     3,911 

Cross  

3,915 

Madison  

.  .     8,231  Scott  

.  .  .  .     7,483 

Dallas  

5,707 

3,979  Searcy  

....     5,614 

6,125 

3  633  Sebastian  

12,940 

Drew  .  ,  . 

.     9,960 

Monroe  .  .  . 

.    8.336  !  Sevier  ... 

.     4,492 

82 


Sharpe 5,400  Washington 17,2f.6  Woodruff 6,891 

Uni<  n 10,571  White 10,347  Yell 8,048 

VanBuren 5,107 1  Total 484,471 


CALIFORNIA— Area,   188 

Alameda 24,237  Marin 

Alpine 685  Mariposa 

Ainador 9,582  Memlocino 

Butte 11,403  Merced 

Calaveras 8,805  Mono 

Colusa 6,lfi5  'Monterey 

Contra  Costa 8,461  Napa 

Del  Norte 2,022  Nevada 

El  Dorado 10,309  ;Placer 

Fresno 6,336  'Plumas 

Humboldt 6,140 1  Sacramento 

Inyo 1,95B  San  Bernardino. . . 

Kern  2,925  ;San  Diego 

Klamath 1,686 1  San  Francisco 

I^ake 2,969 ;San  Joaquin 

Lassen 1,327  San  L.  Obispo 

LOB  Angelos 15,309 1  San  Mateo 


,981  square  miles. 

.     r>,!>03  Santa  Barbara 
.     4,572  Santa  Clara 
.     7,545  Santa  Cruz 
.     2,807  Shasta 

430  Siera 
.      9.876  Si.sUiyou 
.     7,103  Solano 

.  19,134  Sonoma 

.  11,357  Stanislaus 
.    4,4881  Butter 

.  26.  83<  i  Tehama 
.     3,988  Trinity 
.     4,951  Tulare 
.  149,473  Tuolumne 

.  21,0501  Yolo 
.  4,772  Yuba 
.  6,685|  Total 


7,784 

26.246 
8,743 
4,173 
5,(il9 
(1,848 

16,871 

19,819 
6,499 
5,0.10 
3,587 
3,213 
4,533 
8,150 
'.i,h99 

10.8:,  I 
560,247 


CONNECTICUT— Area,  4,674   square  miles. 

Fairfleld 95,276,  Middlesex 36,099  Tolland 22,000 

Hartford 109,007iNew  Haven 121,257  Windham 38,518 

Litchfield 48,727|New  London 66,570|  Total 537.454 

DELAWARE— Area,  2,120  square  miles. 

Kent 29,804  New  Castle 63,515  Sussex 31,696 

Total 125,015 

FLORIDA— Area,  59,268  square  miles. 

Alachua  17,328  Hernando 2,938  Nassau 4,247 

Baker 1,325  Hillsboro 3,216  [Orange 2,195 

Bradford 3,671  'Holmes 1,572  Polk 3,169 

Brevard l,216:Jackson  9,528iPutnam 3.821 

Calhoun 998  i  Jefferson 13,398  ;Santa  Rosa 3,312 

Clay 2,098iLa  Fayette 1,783  St.  John's 2.618 

Columbia 7,335!  Leon 15,236  Sumter 2,952 

Dade 85:  Levy 2,018  Suwannee 3,556 

Duval  11.921  JLiberty 1,050  Taylor 1,453 

Escambia 7,817  \  Madison 11,121  Volusia 1.72:1 

Franklin 1,256  Manatee 1,931  Wakulla 2,5<i6 

Gadsden 9,802  Marion 10,804  Walton    3,041 

Hamilton 5,749jMonroe 5,657 1 Washington 2.31)2 

Total 187,748 

GEORGIA— Area,    58,000   square  miles. 

Appling 5,086,Bibb 21,255  Calhouu :,,:>03 

Baker 6,843  Brooks 8,342  Camdeii 4,615 

Baldwin 10,618  Bryan 5,252  Campbell 9.176 

Banks 4,973  Bullock 5,610  Carroll ll,7«2 

Bartow 16,566  Burke 17,679  Catoosa 4,409 

Berrien 4,518  Butts 6,941  Charlton 1,897 


83 


41,279  lHall  

9,607  Pik«    . 

10  905 

Chattaboooli 
Chattooga  .  . 

ee  .  .  .  .  <•    6,059  Hancock  

11,317 

Polk  

7  822 

(),9U'J  Haralsou  

4,004 

Pulaski  

11,940 

10,399  'Harris  

13,284 

Putnam  . 

10  461 

Clarke 

.    .   12,941  Hart 

6,783 

4  150 

Clay 

5,493  Heard  

7,866 

Habun 

3  256 

5,477  Henry      .      .    . 

10,102 

10  561 

Clinch  
Cobb 

3.  945  1  Houston  
.   13,H14  Irwin       

.  .  .  .  20,406 
1,837 

Richmond  
Schley 

...  25,724 
5  129 

3  192  Jackson 

11,181 

9  175 

Colquitt 

1,654  Jasper    .  .  . 

.  .  .     10,439 

10  205 

Columbia  .  . 

13,529  Jefferson  

.  .  .  .  12,160 

Stewart  

.  .  .   14,204 

Coweta     .  .  . 

15,875  Johnson  

2,964 

Suniter  

16,059 

9,436 

Tall  ot 

11  913 

Dade 

3.033  Laur  sus    .. 

.  .     7,834 

4  796 

4,369  Lee    

9,567 

Tatuall 

4  860 

..   15,183  Liberty    

7,688 

7  143 

De  Kalb 

10,014:  Lincoln    

5,413 

Telfair 

3  245 

9,79u  Lowndes  ...    . 

.      .     8,321 

Terrell 

9  053 

11,517  iLumpkin  

....     5,161 

Thomas 

14  523 

Early    

6,'J98  Macon  

11,458 

Towns  

.  .  .     2,780 

Echols 

1  978  'Madison 

5,227 

17  632 

Effintflmm  . 
Elbert 

4,214  1  Marion  
9,249  Mclntosh  

8,OOJ 
4,491 

Twiggs  

.  .  .     8,545 

Union  .    ... 

5  267 

6,1  31  Meri  wether 

.  .  .   13,756 

9  430 

5  429.  Miller 

3,091 

Walker 

9  925 

Fayette 

8,221  Milton      

.  .  .     4,284 

Walton 

11  038 

Floyd 

17,21(0  Mitchell  

6,633 

Ware  

2  286 

Forsvth 

7,983  Monroe     

17.213 

10  545 

Franklin  .  .  . 
Fultou 

7,893  Montgomery    . 
33,440  Morgan 

3,586 
.    .  .  10,696 

Washington  .... 

...   15,842 
2  177 

GilllHT 

.  .     6,644  Murray  

6,500 

Webster  

4,677 

2,736  Muscogee    .  .  . 

.    .  .  16,663 

White 

4  606 

5  376  Newton 

14  615 

Whitneld 

10  117 

Gordon  .... 

9,26S  Otflethorpe  

11,782 

Wilcox  

.  .  .     2,439 

12,454  Paulding  

7,639 

Wilkes    

.  .     11,796 

Gwinnett  .  . 
Habersham 

;     12,431  Piokens  
.  .  .     6,322  [Pierce  

5,317 
2  778 

Wilkinson  

.  .  .     9,383 

Worth  .. 

.  .  .     3,778 

Total                  

1  184  109 

ILLINOIS—  Area,  55 

56,362  Cowles  .  . 

,405  square  miles. 

....  25,23.)  Fulton  

38  °91 

.     10,564  ,  Cook   

349,966  jGallatin  

.  ..  11,134 

Bond 

13,152  Crawford  

13,889,Greene  

20  277 

.  .  12,223  Gruudy 

14  938 

12,205  De  Kalb  

23,26o  Hamilton  

13  014 

..  32,415  De  Witt  

....  14,768  Hancock    ...... 
13,484  Hardin  

...   35,935 
5  113 

6.562  i  Douglas  

.  .  .  16,705  Du  Page  

16,685  Henderson  

.  .  .   12,582 

11,580  Edgar     

21  ,430  Henry  

35  506 

Champaign 

32  737  Edwards 

25  78° 

20,3(>;i  Effiiigham  .... 

....  15,653  Jackson  

19  634 

Clark 

18,719,  Fayette  

19,638  Jasper  

.  .  .  11,234 

Clay 

15,875!  Ford             

9,103  Jefferson  

17  864 

Clinton  .  . 

..  16.285i  Franklin... 

.  .  12.652  Jersey  .  . 

..  15.054 

Jo  Daviess 

84 
• 
.  .  .  27,820  McHenry  

23,762  Sangamoil  
53,988  Schuylcr 

...  46,352 
17  419 

11,248  McLean  

.  .  .  39,091  Meuard  

11,735,  Scott  

10  530 

.  24,352  Mercer  

.      .  18,769  Shelby 

25  476 

Kendall 

.    .   12,399  Monroe  

12,982  Stark  ... 

10  751 

Kuox  

.  .  .  39,522  Montgomery  .  . 

.  ...  25,314  St.   Clair  
28,463  Stephensou 

..  .    51,1168 
30  608 

.  .  .  21,014  Morgan  

La  Salle 

..     60,792  Moultrie  

10,385  Tazewell 

27  903 

...  12  533  Ogle  

27,492  Union  ...      . 

16  518 

Lee 

.  27,171  Peoria  

.  .  .  47,540  Vennillion 

30  388 

...  31,471  Perry  

13,723'Wabash  

8  841 

Logan  

...  23.053  Piatt  

10,953  Warren  

23,174 

26,481  Pike  

30,768  Washington.  .  . 

17  599 

.  32,726  Pope  

.  ...  11,437  Wayne 

19  758 

.  .  .  44,131  Pulaski  

8,752  White  

16  846 

.  .  .  20,622  Putnam  

6,280  Whitesides 

27  503 

.  .  .  1G,95G  Randolph  

20,a!59  Will  

43  013 

.  .  16,184  Richlaiid  

12,803  Williamson 

17  3''9 

.  ..     9,581  Rock  Island  

29,783  :  Winuebago  

29  301 

.  .   26,509  Saline  

12,714  (Woodford 

18  95i'i 

Total... 

2,539  K<»1 

INDIANA—  Area,  33, 

Adams             11.382  Hendrir.ks  

809   Square  miles. 

20,277  |Pike  

...  13  779 

Allen 

43  494  Henry 

22  986  'Porter 

13  942 

Bartholomew  .  .  . 

...  21,133  Howard  

15,847  Posey  
19  036  Pulaski 

...    19,18.-, 
7  801 

Blackford 

.  .     6,272  Jackson     

.  .    .  18,974  Putnam     . 

21  514 

.  .  .  22,593  Jasper  

6,354  Randolph  

.  22  862 

...     8,681  Jay  

15,000  Ripley  
29,741  Iliush  

...  20,977 
.  .  .   17,626 

Carroll            .   .  . 

.  .  .  16,152  •  Jefferson  

Case      

.  .  .  24,193  Jennings  

..  .   16,218  Scott  

.  .  .     7,873 

Clarke 

.  .  .  24,770  Johnson    

.  .  .  18,366  Ishelby  

21,892 

Clay 

.  .  .  19,084  Knox  

.  .  .  21,562  Spencer  

.  .  .   17,9«J8 

Clinton 

.  .  .  17,330  Kosciusko 

•2:i,5;!l  Starke      ...     . 

3,888 

.  .  .     9,851  iLa  Grange  

14,148  1  Steuben  

.  .  .    12,854 

.  16,747  Lake 

.  12,339  St.  Joseph   .  .  . 

25,322 

.  .  .  24,116  La  Porte  

.  .  ..  27,062  Sullivan  

.  .  .   18,453 

.  .  .  19,053  Lawrence  

.  .  .  14,628  Switzerland  

...    12,134 

DeKalb  

.  ..  17,167  Madison  

.  .  .  .  22,770  Tippecanoe  
.  ..  71,939  Tiptou  

...    33,515 
...    11,953 

Delaware  

.  .  .   19,030  Marion  

Dubois 

.  .  .  12,597  Marshall 

20,211  Union  

.  .  .     6,341 

Elkhart 

.  26  026  Martin 

11,103  Vanderburg 

33,145 

Fayette 

.  10,476  Miami           .  .   .  . 

.  .  21,052  YermilUon   

.  ...  10,840 

Floyd  

.  .  .  23,300  Monroe  

.  .  .   14,168  Vigo  

.  .  .    33,594 

Fountain  

.  ..  16,389  Montgomery  
20  223  Morgan 

2:i,7<;s  Wabash  

...  21,305 

17  528  Warren  . 

10,204 

Fulton  
Gibson      

..  12,726  Newton  
..  17,371  Noble  

.  .  .     6,829,  Warrick  
.  .  .  20,389'  Washington  

.  ..   17,653 
...  18,495 

Grant  

.  .  18,487  Ohio  
.  .  19,514  Orange  

.    5,837  Wayne  

...   34,048 

.  .  .  13,497  Wells  
.  16,137  White  

...  13,585 
.  .  10,554 

20  882  Owen 

.  ..  15,123  Parke  

...   18,166  Whitley  

..   14,399 

Harrison  

..  19,913  Perry  

.  .  .   14,801  1            Total  

1,680,687 

Adair    .  .  . 

IOWA—  Area,  50,914 

3,982  Floyd   

square  miles. 

10,768  Monona  

.  .  .     3,654 

4,614  Franklin 

4,738  Monroe 

.  12,724 

.  17,868  Fremont  

11,174  Montgomery  .  .  . 

5,934 

Appauoose  .  . 

16,456  Greene  

4,627  Muscatine  

...  21,688 

1,212  Grundy         

.    6,399  O'Brien  

715 

Beiiton    .... 

22,454  Guthrie  

7,061  Page  

.  .  .     9,975 

Black  Hawk 

21,706  Hamilton 

6,055  1  Palo  Alto  

...     1  336 

Boone    

14,584  Hancock  

999  Plymouth  

...     2,199 

12,528  Hardin 

13,684  Pocahontas  

1,446 

17,034  Harrison  

8.931  Polk  

27,857 

1,585  Henry 

21,463  Pottawattamie.  . 

16,893 

Butler 

9,951  Howard  

6,282  Poweshiek  

15,581 

1,602  Humboldt 

2,596  Ringgold  

5,691 

Carroll  .  . 

2,451  Ida  

226  Sac  

1,411 

Cass 

16,644  Scott  

38,599 

19,731  Jackson  .  .  .-  

22,619  Shelby  

2,540 

Cerro  Gordo 

.  22,116  Sioux  

576 

.  .   .         1,967  Jefferson    

17,839  Story  

11,651 

10,180  Johnson 

24,898  Tama  

16,131 

Clarke 

8,735  Jones    

.  19,731  Taylor  

6,989 

Clay    

1,523'Keokuk  

.  19,434  Union  

5,986 

27,771  'Kossuth      ..     .. 

3,351  Van  Bureu  

17,672 

35  357  Lee 

37,210  WapeUo  

22,346 

2,530  Linn 

28,852  Warren  

17,980 

Dallas 

12  019  Louisa 

.  12,877  WTashington  

.  .    .   18,952 

Davis 

.  15,565  Lucas           ...    . 

.  10,388  Wayne  

11,287 

Decatur  
Delaware  .  .  . 

12,018  Lyon  
17,432  Madison  

27  256  Mahaska 

221  Webster      .     . 

10,484 

.  13,884  Winuebago  
22,508  Winneshiek    .  .  . 

.  .  .  .     1,562 
23,570 

1,389  Marion    . 

24,436  Woodbury  

6,172 

38  969  Marshall 

17,576  Worth  

2,892 

1,392  Mills            .     .   . 

8,718  Wright  

2,392 

Fayette 

.  16,973  Mitchell  

.     9.582              Total... 

..1,191,792 

Allen 

KANSAS—  Area,  78,418  square  miles. 

7  022  Doniphan  -  13.969  L.von  

8,014 

Anderson  .  .  . 

.......     5,220  Douglass  
.  15  507  Ellis            

.  20,592  Marion  
.    1,336  Marshall  

768 
6,901 

Barton  

2  Ellsworth  

.    1,185  McPherson  
427|Miami  

738 
11,725 

15,076!Ford          

6,823,  Franklin  

10,385  [Mitchell  

485 

Butler 

3,035  Greenwood  

.    3,484  Montgomery  ... 

....     7,564 

1,975  Howard  

2,704|Morris  

.  .  .     2,225 

.  .    .  .  11,038  Jackson  

6,053  ;Nemeha  
12,526  iNeosho  
207;Ness  

.  .  .     7,339 
....  10,206 
....           2 

Clay        .    ... 

2,942  Jefferson  

Cloud 

2  323  Jewell  

Coffey 

6,201  Johnson  

13,684  Osage  

...     7,648 

1,175  Labette  

.    9,973  Osborne  

33 

Crawford  .  .  . 

8,160  Leavenworth  
.    5,526  Lincoln  

32,444!Ottawa  

.  .  .     2,127 

516  Pawnee  

179 

.     3,043  Linn  

13,174  Pottawattamie.  . 

.  .  .  .     7,848 

Republic  
Rice  

.  .    1,281  Shawnee  .  .  . 

5  Smith  

13,131  Wallace 

538 

66  Washington 

.  .     4,081 

6,105  Sumner  .  . 

22  Wilson 

6  694 

Russell 

156  Treco 

3  K27 

Saline    

4,246 

Wabaunsee 

3,362  Wyaildotte 

.  10,015 

Sedgwick  

.     1.095 

Total  .           

364,899 

KENTUCKY—  Area, 

Adair  11,065  Graves  
Allen       10.296  Gravsou     . 

37,680  square  miles. 

19,398  Meiiifee  
11  580  'Mercer 

.  .      1,986 
13,144 

Anderson  

...     5,449  Green  

9,379  Metcalfe     

.  .      7,934 

Ballard    

.  .   12,576  Grefmim      . 

.  11  463  Monroe 

9,381 

Barren  
Bath  
Boone  
Bourbon  

..   17,780 
..   10,145 
.  .   10,696 
...   14,863 

Hanoock  .  .  . 
Hardin  
Harlan  
Harrison  .  .  . 

6,591   Montgomery.... 
15,705  Morgan  
4,415  Muhlenburg  .... 
]  2.993  Nelson  

.  .      7,557 
..     5,975 
..    12,638 
.  .    14,804 

Boyd 

8,573 

Hart 

13  687  Nicholas 

9  129 

Boyle    

...     9,515 

Henderson 

18  457  Ohio 

..  15,561 

11,409 

11  066  Oldhani 

9  027 

Breathit    

.  .  .     5,672 

8  453  Owen     

.   14,309 

13,440 

13  827  Owslev 

3,889 

Bullitt    

.  .  .     7,781 

4  547  Pendleion   

.  .   14,030 

Butler 

.     9,404 

118  953  Perry 

4,274 

Caldwell    

.  .  .  10,826 

8  638  Pike        

.    9,563 

9,410 

John  Bell 

3  731  Powell 

2  599 

Campbell    

.  .  .  27,406 

7  494  Pulaski    

..    17,670 

6,189 

36  096  Robertson 

5  ii'.i'.i 

Carter    

.  .  .     7,509 

Kiiox* 

8,294  Kock  Castle  

..      7,145 

.     8,884 

8  235  1  Kowan 

2.991 

Christian  

.  .  .  23,227 

Laurel 

6  016  Kussell    

B,8D9 

Clark 

10,882 

8  497  Scott 

11,607 

Clay      

.  .  .     8,297 

Lee 

:!  058  Shelbv    

.  .   15,733 

6,497 

9,573 

Critteuden   

.  .  .     9,381 

Lewis  

9,115  Spencer  
10  947  Taylor 

.  .     5,956 
8,996 

7,690 

...  20,714 

Livingston  . 

8,200,  Todd  
20  429'Trigg 

..    12,612 

.    13,686 

.     4,459 

Elliott      

.  .  .     4,433 

6,233  Trimble     

.  .      5,577 

Estill 

9,198 

19  543  Union 

13,640 

Faye^te    

...   26,656 

4,684  Warren    

.  ..   21,742 

Fleming  
Floyd  
Franklin  

...   13.398 
.  .  .     7,877 
.  .  .   15,300 

Marie  in 
Marshall  .  .  . 
Mason  

12,838  Washington  
9,455  Wayne  .^  
18,126  Wewrter  

..    12,464 
...   10,602 

10,9:17 

Fultan  
Gallatin 

.  .  .     6,161 

5,074 

McCrackeu 

13,988   Whitlev  
7  614  Wolfe             

.  .      8,279 
.  .      3,603 

Garrard  
Grant  .  .  . 

...   10,376 
.     9.529 

Meade  

9,485  Woodford  
Total... 

.  .      8,240 
.1,321,011 

LOUISIANA— Area,  41,255  square  miles. 

Ascension 11,577  Bossier 12,675  Cameron 1,591 

Assumption 13,224'Caddo 21,714  Carroll 10,110 

Avoyelles 12.926  lOalaasieu 6,733  Catahoula 8,475 

Bienville 10,636 1  Caldwell 4,820  Claiborne 20,240 


Concordia 9,977 

De  Soto 14,962 


87 

Morehouse 9,387 !  St.  Landry 25,553 

Natchitoches 18,265  St.  Martin 9,370 


East  Baton  Rouge . .   17,816  Orleans 191,41 8  St.  Mary 13,860 

East  Feliciana 13,499  Ouachita 11,582  St.  Tammany 5,586 

Franklin 5,078 'Plaquemines 10,552  Tangipahoa 7,928' 

Grant 4,517  Point  Coupee 12,981  i  Tensas 12,419 

Iberia 9,042  Rapides 18,015 'Terrebonne 12.441 

Iberville 12,347, Richlaud 5,110  Union 11,685 

Jackson 7,646  Sabine 6,456  Vermillion 4.528 

Jefferson 17,767lSt.  Bernard 3,553  Washington 3,330 

Lafayette 10,388  St.  Charles 4,857  West  Baton  Rouge. .     5,114 

Lafourche 14,719  St.  Helena 5,423  West  Feliciona 10,499 

Livingston 4,026  St.  James 10,152  Winn 5,954 

Madison 8,600  St.  John  the  Baptist    6,762 1  Total 726,915 

MAINE— Area,   31,766   square  miles. 

Androscoggin 35,866  Kuox 30,823  Sagadahoc 18,803 

Aroostook  29,fi09  Lincoln 25,597  Somerse  < 34,611 

Cumberland 82,021  Oxford 33,488iWaldo 34,522 

Franklin 18,811  Penobscot 75, 150  Washington 43,343 

Haueock 36,495  Piscataquis 14,403  York  69,174 

Keunebec 53,203  Total 626,915 

MARYLAND— Area,    11,124  square  miles. 

Allegauy 38,536  Dorchester 19,458  Queen 16,171 

Anne  Arundel 24,457  Frederick 47,572  Saint  Mary's 14,944 

Baltimore 330,741 1  Harford 22,605  Somerset 18.190 

Calvert 9,865  Howard 14,150  Talbot 16,137 

Caroline 12,101  Kent  17,102  Washington 34,712 

Carroll 28,619  Montgomery 20,563  Wicomico 15,802 

( 'ecil 25,874  Prince  George's 21,138  Worcester 16,419 

Charles 15,738;  Total 780,894 

MASSACHUSETTS— Area,    7,800   square  miles. 

Barnstable 32,774  Franklin 32,i:""  Norfolk 89.443 

Berkshire 64,H'J7  H;mipden 78,4(!)  Plymouth 65.365 

Bristol 102.886  Hampshire 44,388  Suffolk 270,802 

Dukes 3,787  Middlesex 274,353  Worcester 192,716 

Essex 200,843  Nantucket 4,123 ,  Total 1,457,351 

MICHIGAN— Area,    56,243   square  miles. 

Alcona 696'Chippewa 1,689  Ionia 27,681 

Allegan 32,105  Clare 366  losoo 3,163 

Alpena 2,756|Clinton 22,845  Isabella 4,113 

Antrim 1,985 {Delta 2,542  Jackson 36,047 

Barry 22,199 jEatou 25,171  Kalamazoo 32,054 

Bay 15,900  Emmet 1,211  Kalkaska 424 


Benzie 2,184 

Berrieif 35,104 

Branch! 26.226 

Calhoun 36,569 


Cass 21,094 

Charlevoix 1,724 


Cheboygan 2,196 


Genesee 33,900  Kent 50,403 

Grand  Traverse 4,443  Keweenaw 4,205 

Gratiot 11,810  Lake 548 

Hillsdale 31,684  Lapeer 21,345 


Houghton 13,879  Leelanaw 4,576 

Huron 9,049JLenawee 45,595 


Ingham. , 25,268: Livingston 19,338 


Mackinac 1,718  Montcahn 13,629  iSaginaw 39,097 

Macomb 27,816  Muskegon  ..  ..  14,894  Sanilac 14,562 


Manistee 6,074  Newaygo 7,294  Shiawassee 20,858 

Manitou 891  (Oakland 40,867  St.  Clair 36,661 

Marquette 15,033jOceana 7,222  St.  Joseph 26,275 

Mason 3,263jOgemaw 12  Tuscola 13,714 

Mecosta 5,642  On tonagon 2,845 ,  Van  Bureii 28,829 

Menominee 1,791  'Osceola 2,093  i  Washtenaw 41,434 

Midland 3,285  [Oscoda 70JWayne 119,038 

Missaukee 130!Ottawa 26,651  IWexford 650 

Monroe 27,483;Presque  Isle] 3551  Total 1,184,059 


MINNESOTA— Area,    95,274   square  miles. 


178  jHennepin 21,566 

Houston 14,936  Ka 


Isanti 2,035 


Aitkin 

Anoka 3,940 

Becker  308 

Beltrami SOjItasca 96 

Benton 1,558 1  Jackson  1,825 

Big  Stone 24  Kanabec 

Blue  Earth 17,302  JKandiyohi 1,760 

Brown 6,396jLac  qui  Parle 146 

Carlton 286  Lake  135 

Carver 11,586  ILe  Sueur 11,607 

Cass 380,Martin 3,867 

Chippewa 1,467  McLeod 5,643 

Chisago 4,358  Meeker 6,090 

Clay 92  Mille  Lac 1,109 

Cottonwood 534  Monongalia  . . . 

Crow  Wing 200  Morrison 

Dakota 16,312  Mower 

Dodge 8,598lMurray 

Douglass 4,239'Nicollet 

Faribault 9,940  Nobles . 


93  Rock 


Pope  2,691 

,msey 23,085 

Redwood 1,828 

Renville 3,219 

Rice 16,083 

138 

Scott 11,042 

Sherburne 2,050 

Sibley 6,725 

Stearns 14,206 

Steele 8,271 

Stevens 174 

St.  Louis 4,561 

Todd  . .  .     2,036 


Fillmore 24,887  iQlmsted 19,793  Wilkin. 


3,1601  Traverse 13 

1,681 :  Wabashaw 15,859 

10,447  Wadena 6 

209  Waseca 7,854 

8,362 1  Washington 11 ,809 

117  Watonwan 2,426 


295 


Freeborn 10,578  Otter  Tail l/JfiS'Winona 22,319 

Goodhue 22,618  Pembina 64  Wright 9,457 

Grant 340  Pine 648|  Total 439,706 


MISSISSIPPI— Area,   47,156   square  miles. 


Adams. 


Alcorn 10,431 


19,084  Coahoma 


Amite 


10,973 


Attala 14,776 

Bolivar 9,732 

Calhoun 10,561 

Carroll  21,047 


7,144  ;Itawamba.  •  •  • 


7,812 


Copiah  20,608  ;JaekHon 4,362 

Covington 4,753  Jasper 10,884 

De  Soto 32,021  Jefferson 13,848 

Franklin 7,498  Jones 3,313 

Greene 2,038  Kemper  . 

Grenada 10,571  Lafayette 


13,990 
18,809 

Chickasaw 19^899  Hancock 4,239  Lauderdale 13,462 

Choctaw 16,988  Harrison ...  .     5,795  Lawrence 6,620 


Claiborne 
Clark  . . , 


13,586  Hinds 

7,505  Holmes 

llssaquena 


30,488  Leake 8,4% 

19,370  Lee  15,955 

6,887lLincoln 10,184 


89 


Lowndes 30,502| Perry 2,694  Tippah 

Madison J.  20,948  Pike 11,303  Tishemingo 

Marion 4,211  iPoutotoc 12,5251  Tunica 

Marshall 29,416  :Prentiss 9,348  Warren 

Monroe 22,63l[Rankin 12,977  Washington 

Neshoba 7,439  Scott 7,847  IWayne 

Newton 10,067 1  Simpson 5,718;  Wilkinson 

Noxubee 20,905  Smith 7,126,  Winston 

Oktibbeha 14,891  Sunflower 5,015  Yalabusha 

Pauola 20,754i  Tallahatchie 7,852  Yazoo 

Total... 


..  20,727 
. .  7,350 
. .  5,358 
. .  26,769 
. .  14,569 
. .  4,206 
. .  12,705 
.  8,984 
. .  13,254 
..  17,279 
..827,922 


MISSOURI— Area,   67,380  square  miles. 

Adair 11,448  Greene 21,549  Ozark 

Andrew 15,137  Grundy 10,567  Pemiscot 

Atchison 8,440  Harrison 14,635  Perry. .'. 

Audrain 12,307  Henry 17,401  Pettis 

Barry 10,373  Hickory 6,452  Phelps 

Barton 5,087  Holt 11,652  Pike 

Bates 15,960  Howard 17,233  Platte 

Benton 11,322  Howell 4,218  Polk 

Bellinger 8,162  Iron 6,278  Pulaski 

Boone 20,765  Jackson 55,041  Putnam 

Buchanan 35,109  Jasper 14,928!Ralls 

Butler 4,298  Jefferson 15,380  j  Randolph 

Caldwell 11,390  Johnson 24,648|Ray 

Callaway 19,202  Knox 10,974  Reynolds 

Camdem 6,108  Laclede 9,380  Ripley 

Cape  Girardeau 17,558  Lafayette 22,623  Saline 

Carroll 17,446  Lawrence 13,067  Schuyler 

Carter l,455JLewis 15,114  Scotland 

Cass 19,296i Lincoln 15,960  Scott 


Cedar 9,474 


Chariton 19,136 


Christian 6,707  Macon 23,230|St.  Charles 


Clarke 13,667 


Clay 15,564  Marie; 


Clinton 14,063 


Cole 10,292 

Cooper 20,692 

Crawford 7,982 


Franklin 30.098 


Linn 15,900  Shannon 


Livingston 16,730  Shelby 


Madison 5,849 


5,916 
Marion 23,780 


St.  Clare. 

Ste.  Genevieve. . 

St.  Francois 


McDonald 5,226  u».  ^«u*,> 

Mercer 11,557 1  Stoddard 

Miller 6,616lStone 


Dade 8,683  Mississippi 4,982i  Sullivan 

Dallas 8,383  Moniteau ll,375|Taney 

Daviess 14,410  Monroe 17,149|Texas 

De  Kalb 9,858  Montgomery 10,405  Vernon , 

Dent 6,357  Morgan 8,434|Warren 

Douglass 3,915  " 

Dunklin 5,982 


New  Madrid 6,357 1  Washington . 

Newton 12,821 1  Wayne1 , 


Nodaway 14,751  Webster 


Gasconade 10,093  Oregon 3,287  [Worth  . 

Gentry 11.607  Osage 10,793iWright 

Total 


Adams . 


NEBRASKA— Area,  75,995   square  miles. 
19  Blackbird 31  Buffalo 


. .  3,363 
. .  2,059 
. .  9,877 
..  18,706 
..  10,506 
,..  23,076 
..  17,352 
. .  12,445 
. .  4,714 
..  11,217 
..  10,510 
. ..  15,908 
..  18,700 
. .  3,756 
. .  3,175 
..  21,672 
. .  8,820 
...  10,670 
. .  7,317 
. .  2,339 
...  10,119 
..  21,304 
. .  6,742 
. .  8,384 
...  9,742 
..351,189 
. .  8,535 
...  3,253 
..  11,907 
. .  4,407 
. .  9,618 
. ..  11,247 
. .  9,673 
..  11,719 
. . .  6,068 
..  10,434 
..  5,004 
. .  5,684 
.1,721,295 


90 

Burt 2,847|Jack8on 9  Sarpy 2,913 

Butler 1,290  Jefferson 2,440 1  Sounders 4,547 

- 


Johnson 3,429  j  Seward 

Kearney 58  Stanton. 


Cass 8,151 

Cedar 1,032 

Cheyenne 190JLancaster 7,074  Taylor 97 

Clay 54 1 L'Eau  qui  Court . . .        'Jill  Washington 4,452 

Colfax 1,424 1  Lincoln 17  Wayne '1H2 

Cuming 2,964  Lyon 78  Webster HI 


Dakota 2,040 

Dawsou...  103 


Dixon 1,345 

Dodge 4,212 


Merrick...  557 


Madison l,133jYork 604 

Unorganized  North- 
west Teerritory . .         52 
Unorganized   Terri- 


Mouroe 235 

Nemaha 


Douglass 19,982  Nuckolls 8 1     tory  west  <  >f  Mad- 

Fillmore 238  Otoe 12.345 '     isoii  County 183 

Franklin 26|Pawnee 4,171  Wiunebago     Indian 

Gage 3,359|Pierce 152      Reservation 31 

Grant 484'Platte l,S9'.i  1'awiire  Indian  res- 
Hall l,057iPolk 13(5      ervation 44 

Hamilton 130  Richardson 9,780 

Harrison 631  Saline 3,106  Total 122,993 

NEVADA— Area,    112,090  square  miles. 

Churchill 196  Lander 2,*15  Ji.x.p i:;:i 

Douglas 1.215  Lincoln 2,985  Storey 11.H.VJ 

Elko 3,447|Lyon 1,837, Washoe 3.091 

Esmeralda 1,553  Nye 1,087  White  Pine 7,189 

Humboldt 1,916:  Ormsby 3,dds  Total 4'J,4'jl 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE— Area,  9,280  square  miles. 

Belknap 17,681  Grafton 39,103  Rockingham 47.297 

Carroll 17,332  Hillsborough 64,238  Stratford :«>.-_M3 

Cheshire 27,265  Merrimack 42,151  Sullivan is.o.vs 

Coos 14,932 1  Total 318,300 

NEW;  JERSEY— Area,   3,320    square  miles. 

Atlantic 14,0931  Gloucester 21,562;Ocean lii.ius 

Bergen 30,122  Hudson 129,067  Passaic 4C..4H! 

Burlington 53,639  >Hunterdon 36,963  Salem  23/.I40 

Camden 46,193  Mercer  , .    46,386  Somerset 23.510 

Cape  May 8,349  Middlesex 45,029  Sussex 23. ids 

Cumberland 34,dd5  Monmouth 46,195 1  Union 41  .s.v.i 

Essex 143,839, Morris , 43,137  Warren :!4,:t:;d 

Total in  H-,,O:K; 

NEW  YORK— Area,   47,000  square  miles. 

Albany 133,052  >  Clinton 47,947  Fulton 27.OC.4 

AUegany 40,814  Columbia 47,044  Genesee :il/.od 

Broome 44,103  Cortland 25,173  Greene 31  ,.s:f2 

Cattaratlgus 43,909 ' Delaware 42,972  Hamilton 2.'.idli 

Cayuga 59,550 jDutcheas 74,041  Herkimer 39,'.i2!» 

Chautauqua 59,327  Erie 178,(!99  Jefferson (,:,.4 15 

Chemung 35,281  Essex 29,042  Kings 419.H21 

Chenango 40,564,  Franklin 30,271  Lewis 


91 

Livingston 38,309 ;  Otsego 48,967  St.  Lawrence 84,826 

Madison 43,522  Putnam 15,420  Sutt'olk 46,924 

Monroe 117,868  Queens 73,803  Sullivan 34,550 

Montgomery 34,457  Reusselaer 99,549  Tioga 30,572 

New  York 942,292  Richmond 33,029  Tompkius 33,178 

Niagara 50,437  Rockland 25,213  Ulster 84,075 

Oneida 110,008  Saratoga 51,529  Warren 22,592 


Ouondaga 104,183 

Ontario 45,108 

Orange 80,902 


Sclieuectady 21,347  Washington 49,568 

Schoharie 33,340  Wayne 47,710 

Schuyler 18,989  Westchester 131,348 


Orleans 27,689 1  Seneca 27,823  Wyoming 39,164 

Oswego 77,941 1  Steubeu 67,717 , Yates 19,595 

Total 4,382,759 

NORTH   CAROLINA— Area,   50,704  square  miles. 

Alamauce 11,874 

Alexander 0,n68 

Alleghany 


Aslie. 


Edgecombe 22,970  ( Northampton 14,749 

Forsyth , 13,050  Ouslow 7,569 


Franklin 


14,134  Orange 17,507 


Alison 12,428  Gaston 12,602  Pasquotank 8,131 

9,573  Gates  ...  .     7,724  Perquinii 


7,945 


Beaufort 13,011  Granville 24,831  Person 11,170 

Bertie 12,1)50  Greene 8,687  Pitt 17,276 

Bladcn  12,831  JGuilford 21,736  Polk 4,319 

Brunswick 7,754  Halifax 20,408  Randolph 17,551 

Buncombe 15,412  Harnuett 8,895  Richmond 12,882 

Burke 9,777  Haywood 7,921  Robeson 16,262 

Oabarru* ll,954!Heudersou 7,706  Rockingham 15,708 

Caldwell 8,476  j  Hertford 9,273  Rowan 16,810 


Camden 5,361  Hj  de 6,445  Kutherford 13,121 

Carteret 9,010  Iredell 16,931  Sampson 16,436 

Caswell 16,081  Jackson 6,683  Stanley 8,315 


Catawba 10,984 jjohnstou 16,897  Stokes 11,208 

Chatham 19,723 jJones 5,002  Surry 11,252 

Cherokee 8,080  ]  Lenoir 10,434  Transylvania 3,536 

6,450  Lincoln 9,573  Tyrrell  . . ,  .     4,173 


Cli 

Clay 2,46l|Macon 6,615  Union 

( Vim-hind 12,696  Madison 8,192  Wake  . 


12,217 

35,617 

Columbus 8,474iMartin 9,647  Warren 17,768 

Craven 20,516  McDowell 7,592  Washington 6,516 

Cumberland 17,035 'Mecklenburg 24,299  Watauga 5,287 

Currituck 5,131  (Mitchell 4,705  Wayne 18,144 

Dare 2,778, Montgomery 7,487  Wilkes 15,539 

Davidson 17,414lMoore 12,040  Wilson 12,258 

Davie 9,620:Nash 11,077  Yadkin 10,697 

Duplin 15,542  New  Hanover 27,978iYancy 5,909 

Total 1,071,361 

OHIO— Area,    39,964  square  miles 

Adams 20,750  Brown 30,802  Columbiana 38,299 

Allen 23,623  Butler 39,912  Coshocton 23,600 

Ashland 21,933  Carroll 14,491  i  Crawford 25,556 

Ashtabula 32,517  Champaign 24,188  Cuyahoga 132,010 

Athens 23,768  Clark 32,070:Darke 32,278 

Auglaize 20,041  Clermont 34,268  Defiance 15,719 

Belmont 39,714, Clinton 21,914 [Delaware 25,175 


92 

Erie 28,188 ! Licking  35,756  Portage. ..  ..  24,584 

Fairneld 31,138  Logan 23,028  Preble 21,809 

Fayette 17,170 :Lorain 30,308  Putnam  17,081 

Franklin 63,019 !  Lucas 46,722  Kicblaud 32,51<; 

Fulton 17,789; Madison 15,633  ROBS. 

Gallia 25,545 'Mahouing 31,001 

Oeanga 14,190  i  Marion 16,184 . 

Greene 28,038 1  Medina 20,092  Seneca 30,827 

Guernsey 23,838  Meigs 31,465  Shelby 20,748 

Hamilton 260,370  Mercer 17,254  Stark 52,508 

Hancock 23,847  .Miami 32,740  Summit 34,674 

Hardin 18,714  Monroe 25,779  Trumbull. ..  ..  38,659 


Harrison 18,682  M 

Henry 14>92.8 

Highland 

Hocking 17,925 

Holmes 18,177 

Huron 28,532 

Jackson 21,759 

Jefferson 29,188 

Kuox 26,333 

Lake 15,935 

Lawrence 31,380 


Perry 18,453  Williams 


Pickaway 24,875 

Pike 15,447 


37,097 

Saiidusky 25,503 

Scioto  29,302 


:ontgomery 64,006  Tuscarawas 53,840 

Morgan 20,363  Union 18,730 

Van  Wert 15,823 

Muskingum 44,886  Vinton 15,027 

Noble 19,949  Warren 26,689 

Ottawa 13,364  Washington 40,609 

Paulding 8,544  ~ 


Wayne 35,116 

20,991 


Wood 24,596 

Wyandot 18,553 


Total 2,665,260 


OREGON— Area,    102,606   square  miles. 

Baker 2,804  Grant 2,251  Polk 4,701 

Benton 4,584  Jackson 4,778  Tillamook 408 

Clackamas 5,993  Josephine 1,204  Umatilla 2,91(1 


Clatsop 1,255 


Lane 6,426  Union 


2,552 


....     1,644 

Marion  

.  .  .     9,965  Washington  . 

4,261 

504 

Multnomah  ...   . 

11,510 

Yam   Hill 

5  012 

6.066 

T 

TIA—  Area, 

Cumberland  .  .  '. 

otal 

90  923 

PENNSYLVA] 

Adams  30.315 

46,000  square 

.  ..  43,912  McKean  

miles. 
8,825 

262,204  Dauphin  

.  .  .   60,740  Mercer  

49  977 

Armstrong.  .  .. 

43,382  Delaware  

.  .  .  39,403 

Miffln  

17,508 

36,148 

Elk  

.  .  .     8,488 

Monroe  

.      18.M6-2 

Bedford  

29,635 

Erie  
Fayette  
Forest  

.  .  .  65,973 
...  43,284 
.  .  .     4,010 

Montgomery  81,612 
Montour  15,344 

Berks  
Blair  

106,701 
38,051 

Northampton  61,432 
Northumberland.  .  .  41,444 
Perry  25.447 

Bradford  

....  53,204 
64,336 

Franklin  
Fulton  

.  .  .  45,365 
.  .  .     9,360 

Butler  

....  36,510 
..  36,569 

Greene  

...  25,887 
.   .  31  251 

Philadelphia 
Pike  . 

674,022 

.     8  436 

4,273 

Indiana  

36  138 

Potter 

11,265 

Carbon  

28,144 

Jefferson  

.  .  .  21,656  Schuvkiil  .  .  . 

116,428 

Centre  
Chester  

....  34,418 
77,805 

Juniata  
Lancaster  

...  17,390 
.  .  .121,340 

Snyder  

15,606 

Somerset  .  .  . 

28,226 

Clarion  
Clearfleld 

....  26,537 
.    ..  25,741 

Lawrence  

...  27,298 
34,096 

Sullivan  

6,191 

Susquehanna 
Tioga 

37,523 

.  .   35.097 

Clinton  
Columbia  

....  23,211 
28,766 
63,832 

Lehigh  
Luzerne  
Lycoming  

...  56,796 
...160,755 
...  47,626 

Union  15J565 
Venango  47,925 

93 

Warren 23,897|Wayne 33,188  Wyoming 14,585 

Washington 48,483 1  Westmoreland 58,719  York 76,134 

Total 3,521,791 

RHODE  ISLAND— Area,    1,306   square  miles. 

Bristol 9,421  Newport 20,0501  Washington 20,097 

Kent 18,595  Providence 149,19o|  Total 217,353 

SOUTH  CAROLINA— Area,   29,385   square  miles. 

Abbeville 31,129  iFairneld 19,888  Newberry 20,775 

Anderson 24,049  Georgetown 16,161  Oconee 10,530 

Barnwell 35,724  Greenville 22,262  Orangeburg 16,865 


Beaufort 34,359!Horry 10,721  Pickens 10,269 

Charleston 88,863  Kershaw 11,754  Richland 23,025 

Chester 18,805  Lancaster 12,087  Spartanburg 25,784 

Chesterfield 10,584  Laurens 22,536  Sumter 25,268 

Clarendon 14,038  Lexington 12,988  Union 19,248 

Colleton 25,410 [Marion 22,160  Williamsburg 15,489 

Darlington  26,243  IMarlborough 11,814, York 24,286 

Edgefield 42,486|  Total 705,606 


TENNESSEE—  Area, 

Anderson  8.704  Hancock  .... 

45,600  square  miles. 

7,148  Morcran  ,  

2,969 
15,584 
11,297 
6,925 
7,369 
8,698 
5,538 
15.622 
16,166 
33,289 
.     4,054 
2,335 
.   11,028 

Bedford  

.  .  .  24,333 

Hardeman  .  . 

18,074 

Obion  

.  .  .     8,234 

Hardjn  

11,768 

Overton  

4,870 

.    .  .  15,837 

Perry  .          

14,237 

Hay  wood  .  .  . 
Henderson  .  . 

25,094 
14,217 

Polk  
Putnam  

Bradley  

...   11,652 

Campbell  

.  .  .     7,445 

10,502 

Henry  

20,380 
.    .  .     9,856 

Ehea  

Carroll  
Carter  

.  .  .  19,447 
.  .  .     7,909 

Humphreys. 
Jackson  

9,326 
12,583 

Robertson  

Rutherford  

Cheatham  

.  .  .     6,678 

Jefferson  ... 
Johnson  .... 

19,476 
5,852 

Scott  
Sequatchie  

Claiborne  

.  .  .     9,321 

Cocke  

...   12,458 

Knox  

28,990 

Sevier  

Coffee 

10,237 

2  428 

Shelby  

.  76,378 

3,461 

10,838 

Smith  
Stewart  

15,994 
12,019 
.  13,136 
.  23,711 

Davidson  

...  62,897 

Lawrence  .  .  . 

7,601 

Decatur  

.  .  .     7,772 

Lewis  
Lincoln  

1,986 
28,050 

Sullivan  
Sumner  

De  Kalb  

...   11,425 

.     9,340 

6,633 

Tipton  

.  14,884 
.     7,605 

Dyer  

.  .  .  13,706 

Madison  .... 

23,480 

Union  

Fayette  

...  26,145 

Marion  
Marshall  .... 

6,841 
16,207 
36,289 

Van  Buren  
Warren  

.     2,725 
.  12,714 

Fentress  
Franklin 

.  .  .     4,717 
14  970 

Washington  

.  16,317 

Gibson  
Giles 

...  25,666  McMinn  
32,413  McNairy  

13,969 
12,726 

.   10,209 

Weakley  

.  20,755 

Grainger    .... 

.  ..  12,421  Meigs  

4,511 

White  

.     9,375 

21,668  Monroe  .     . 

12,589 

Williamson  

.  25,328 

Grundv  .  .  . 

.     3.250  Montgomery 

..  24.747 

Wilson.  .. 

.  25,881 

Hamilton 17,241 

TEXAS— Area,   237,504  square  miles. 

Anderson 9,229|Atascosa 2,915|Bandera 649 

Angelina 3,985|Austin 15,087  [Bastrop 12,290 


Bee  

.  .    1,082  Grayson  .  .  . 

•It 
14,387  Milam    

.     8984 

Bell        .  .  .  * 

9,771  Grimes  . 

13  218 

890 

Bexar  ..         

.  .   10,043 

Buadalupe 
Hamilton  .  . 

7,282 

6  483 

Bexar  District... 
Blanco  

..     1,0771 
.  .     1,187' 

733 

Nacogdocb.es  

.     9,614 

lardiu  .  .  . 

1,4(>0 

8.H79 

Bosque  

.  .     4,081 

larris  

17,375 

Newton  

2,187 

Bowie  

.  .     4,fi84 

Harrison  .. 

13  241 

3,975 

Brazoria  

.  .     7,527 

Hays  

4,088 

Orange  

.      1,255 

Brazos  
Brown  
Burlesou  . 

.  .     9,205 
544 
.  .     8,072 

tenderson 

6,786 
2,387 
7  453 

10,119 

lidalgo.  .  . 
Hill  

Parker  

4,186 

Polk 

8,707 

3  688 

2  585 

1  t;:;ii 

Caldwell  

.  .    <i,r>72 

lopkiiiH  .. 

12,651 

lied  Uiver  
Kefugio  

.    10,653 
.     2,324 
9,990 

Calhoun  

.  .     8,441! 

Houston  .  . 

8,147 
10  291 

Cameron 

.     10  999 

Hunt 

Chambers  

..     1,503 

Jack  

694 

Husk  

.    10,1)16 

Cherekeo 

11  079 

2  278 

3,266 

Coleman  

347 

Tasper 

.    .              4,218 

San  Aui/nsliiie  . 

4,196 

Collin  

..  14,013 

Jefferson  . 

1,906  San  J'atricio  

60'2 

Colorado  

.  .     8,326 

4,923  San  Saba  

1  425 

Comal  
Comanche  

.  .     5,283 
.  .     1,001 

Karnes  .  .  . 
Kaufman  . 
Kendall   .. 

1,705  Sharkleford  
6,895  Shelby  
1,536  Smith  

455 
.      5,732 
.  .    16,532 

Cook  

.  .     5,315 

Coryell    . 

4  124 

Kerr 

1,042  Starr  .. 

4  154 

Dallas  

.  .   13  314 

Kimble  .  .  . 

72  Stephens  

330 

Davis  
Demmit  

.  .     8,875 
109 

Kiniioy  .  .  . 

1,204  Tar  rant  
15,790  Titus  

.  .      5,788 
.    11,  339 

Denton  

.  .     7,251 

Lampasas  . 

1,344  Travis  

.  .    13,153 

De  Witt  
Duval  

.  .     6,443 
.  .     1,083 

La  Salle..  . 

69  Trinity  
9,168iTvler  

..     4,141 

.  .      5,010 

Eastland 

88 

6  523  TTiiHlinr 

12  039 

Ellis  .   . 

7  514 

Liberty 

4  414 

Uvalde     

851 

El  Paso  
Eusinal  

.  .     3,671 

427 

Limestone 
Live  Oak  . 

8,591 
852 

Van  Zaudt  

6,494 

Victoria.  .  . 

.  .      4,8liO 

trath  

.     1  801 

1,379  Walker  

9,77<J 

Falls  

.  .     9,&51 

4,061  1  Washington  

..    23,104 

Fannin  

13  ''07 

8,56'2 

Webb  

.     •_>,615 

Fayette  
Fort  Bend  

16  863 

Mason  
Matagorda 
Maverick  . 
McCulloch 

678 
3,377 

Whartoii 

3  426 

.  ..     7,114 

Williamson  

.  .      6,366 

Freestone  
Frio  
Galveston  

..     8,139 
301 
.  .  .  15,290 

1,951 
173 
13,500 

Wilson  
Wise  
Wood  

.  .      •2,556 
..      1.4.-.0 
.-     6,894 

Gillespie  
Goliad  
Gouzales  

VEI 

Addison 

.  .     3,56t 
.  .      3.1)28 
.  .     8,951 
Tot 

tMONl 

23,484 

McMullen 
Medina  .  .  . 
Menard.  .  . 
aJ          

230 
2,078 
667 

Young  
Xapata  

135 
.      1,488 

Zavala    

189 

..818,579 

1  —  Area, 

10,212   square  miles- 

30,291  Rutland  

..   40,651 

Bennington  

.  ..   21,325 
.  22,247 

Grand  Isle 

4,082  Washington  
12,448  Windham  

.  .    '2(1,508 
..   26,036 

Chittenden  
Essex 

...  36,480 
.    6,811 

Orange  ... 

23,090 
21  035 

Windsor  
Total  .  . 

.  .    36,063 
.  .  330,551 

95 
VIRGINIA—  Aera,   38, 

Accomack  20,409  Frederick  

352  square  miles. 

.  .  16,596  Nottoway  
.  .  .     5,875  Oran»p. 

.  .     9,291 
10  396 

Alexandria  

....  16,755 

Gloucester  

.  ..   10,211 

Page  

..     8,462 

3,674 

.  .  .  10,313 

10  161 

9,878 

Grayson  

.  .  .     9,587 

Pittsylvania  . 

.  31,343 

.  .  .     14,900 

Greene  

.  .  .     4,634 

7  667 

8,950 

Greenville  
Halif  ax  

.  .  .     6,362 

.  ..  27,828 

Prince  Edward  .  . 

..  12,004 
7  820 

.  .  .     28,763 

Bath  

3,795 

Hanover  

...  16,455 

Princess  Anne  .  . 

8,273 

Bedford 

.  .  .     25,327 

.  .  .  60.179 

7  504 

Bland 

4,000 

12  303 

Pulaski 

6  538 

Botetourt    .  .    . 

..    .  11,329 

.  .  .     4,151 

Rappahannock  .  . 

.  .     8,261 
6  503 

13,427 

Isle  of  Wight 

8,320 

3,777 

4,425  Roanoke 

9  350 

Buckingham  .  . 

13,371 

King  and  Queen  . 

.  .  .     9,709 
5,742 

Rockbridge  

16,058 

28,384 

23  668 

Caroline  
Carroll 

....  15,128  'King  William  .  .  . 

.  .  .     7,515 
.   .     5,355 

Russell  

.     11,103 

Scott  ... 

13  036 

Charles  City 

4  975  Lee 

13  268 

14  936 

Charlotte    .  .    . 

14,513  London    

.  20,929 

Smyth    . 

8  898 

Chesterfield 

18,470  Louisa 

16  332 

12  285 

Clarke    

10,403 

11  728 

Craig  

2,942  Madison  

.  .  .     8,670 

Stafford  

.  .     6,420 

12,227  Matthews 

6,200 

5  585 

Cumberland  .  . 

....     8,142  Mecklenburg  

...  21,318 

Sussex  

.  .     7,885 

30,702  Middlesex 

4,981 

.  10  791 

Elizabeth  City. 

.  .    .     8,303  Montgomery  

...  12,556 

Warren  

..     5,716 

Essex    

11,576 

.     1  672 

Fairfax  

....  12,952 
19,690 

Nelson  

.  .     13,898 

Washington  

..  16,816 

4  381 

Westmoreland  .  . 
Wise  .  .  . 

.  .     7,682 
..     4,785 

Floyd  

....     9,824  Norfolk    

46  702 

9  875 

Northampton  .  .  . 
Northumberland 

.  .  .     8,046  Wythe  
...    6,863  York  

..   11,611 
.  .     7,198 

Franklin  

.  .  .     18,264 

WEST 

Barbour  

Total 

VIRGINIA—  Area, 

....   10,312  Jefferson   

23,000   square  miles. 

.   13,219  Pooahontas  4.067 

.     14,900 

22  349 

.  14  555 

Boone  

Lewis  

10,175 

Putnam  

.  .     7,794 

Braxtou    ...    . 

6,480 

5  053 

Raleigh  

.    •  3T673 

Brooke  

5,464 

Logan  

.  .     5,124 

Randolph  

.  .     5,563 

Cabell      

6,429 

12,107 

.  .     9  055 

Calhoun  

2,939 

Marshall  

..  14,941 

Roane  

.  .     7,232 

Clay             .  . 

.    .       2,196 

15,978 

Taylor  

9  367 

7,076 

McDowell 

1  952 

1  907 

.  .  .     6,64^ 

7,064 

Tyler  

.  .     7,832 

Gilmer  

4,338 

Mineral   

.  .     6,332 

Upshur  

.  .     8,023 

Grant         

.  .    4,467 

Monongalia  

...  13,547 
11  124 

Wayne  
Webster 

..     7,852 
1  730 

11  417 

7,643  Morgan 

4,315 

Wetzel  

.  .     8,595 

4458 

Wirt 

.     4  804 

5,518  Ohio' 

28,831 

Wood  

..  19,000 

Harrison  
Jackson  

16,714  Pendleton  
10,300  Pleasants  

.  .     6,455 
.  .     3,012 

Wyoming  
Total... 

.  .     3,171 
..442,014 

96 


WISCONSIN—  Area, 

Adams  6.6()1  Green  

53,924   square  miles. 

23,611  iPierce  

9958 

Ashlaud  

221 

Green  Lake. 

13,195 
24  544 

Polk  

.  .     3,422 
10  634 

Barroii  

538 

Bavfteld  

344  Jackson  .... 

7,liH7 

26  740 

Brown  

...  25,168  Jefferson  ... 

34,040 

Kichland  

15  731 

Buffalo  

.  .  .   11,123  Juiien.il  

12,372 

Rock  ..     . 

3!l  IlliO 

Burnett  

70(i 

Kencmha  .  . 

13,147 

Sank  

23  860 

Calumet  
Chippewa  

...  12,335  Kuwaimee  .. 
...     8,311  La  Crosse  .. 

10,128 
20,297 

Shawanaw  
Sheboygan  

..      3,166 
31  749 

Clark  

.  .  .     3,450  La  Fayette    . 

•_>!'  (I.V.I 

11  035 

Columbia  
Crawford  

...   28,802  Manitowoc  .. 
.  .  .    1:1,075  Marathon  . 

33,364 

.  .    .  .          ."1,885 

Trempealeau  
Vernon  .  . 

..   10,732 

18  645 

Dane  
Dodge  
Door  

...   53,096 
...  47,035 
4,919 

Marquettc  .  . 
Milwaukee  .  . 

8,056 
89.930 

it;  .v>o 

Walworth  
Washington  . 

..   25,1172 
23  ill!) 

28  274 

Douglas  

...     1,122 

8,:i'2l 

Waupacca  . 

15  539 

Dunn  

9,488 

18  430 

11  279 

Eau  Claire  

...   10,769 

15,564 

Winnebago.    .  . 

37  279 

Fond  du  Lac 

46,273 

4  659 

Woof]     . 

3  912 

Grant  .  .  . 

..  37.979 

Total.. 

1.054.670 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA— Area,  60  square  miles. 

Georgetown  City...  11,384  Washington  City.  ..109,199  Remainder  of  Dist.     1,117 
Total 131,700 


TERRITORIES. 


ARIZONA— Area,    113,916   square  miles. 

Mohave 179|Yavapai 2,142  Yuma 

Pima 5,716|  Total 


..     1,621 
. . .  9,658 

COLORADO— Area,    104,500  square  miles. 

Arapahoe 6,829  El  Paso 987  Larimer 838 

Bent 592  Fremont 1,064  Las  Auimas 4,276 

Boulder 1,939  Gilpin 5,490  Park 447 

Clear  Creek 1, 596 1  Green  wood  510  Pueblo 2,265 

( •( im-jos 2,504 iHuerfano 2,250  Saguache 304 

Costilla 1,779- Jefferson 2,392  Summit 258 

Douglas 1,388 'Lake 522  Weld 1,636 

Total 39,864 


DAKOTA— Area,    50,932   square  miles. 

Bon  Homme 608  Hutchinson 37|Todd 

Brookings 163  Jayne 5  Union 

Buffalo 

Charles  Mix 

Clay 

Deuel 


712 

Yankton                         2  097 

152|Minnehaha.  .. 
2  621  Pembina    .  .  . 

355 
1,213 

Unorganized      por- 
tion of  Territory  .  .  .     2,091 
...14.181 

37  1 

Total... 

97 
IDAHO— Area,    86,294    square  miles. 

Ada 2,675  Idaho 84!)  Oneida 1,022 

Alturas <W9  Lenihi 98S  Owyhee 1.713 

Boise 3,834  Nez  Perces 1,007  Shoshoue '725 

Total 14,91)9 

MONTANA— Area,    143,776   square  miles. 

Beaver  Head 722  Deer  Lodge 4,367 ,  Madison 2,684 

Big  Horn 38  Gallatiii 1,578  Meagher 1,387 

( Mioteau 517  Jefferson 1,531  Missoula 2,554 

Dawsou 177  Lewis  ami  Clarke...  5,040              Total 20.595 

NEW  MEXICO— Area,    121,201    square  miles. 

Bernalillo 7,591 1  Mora 8,056  Santa  Fe 

< '( >liax 1 ,992  Rio  Arriba 9,204  Socorro 6,603 

Dona-Ana 5,864 j San  Miguel 10,058  Taos 12,079 

Grant 1,143  Sauta  Alia 1,599  Valencia 9,093 

Lincoln 1,803 1  Total 91,874 

UTAH— Area,    84,476    square  miles. 

Beaver .'     2,007  Millard 2,753  Sevier 19 

Box  Elder 4,855  Morgan 1,972  Summit 2,512 

Cache 8,229  ;Piute 82  Tooele 2,177 

Davis 4,459 [Bleb 1,955  Utah 12,203 

Iron 2,277 1  Rio  Virgin 450  Wasatch 1,214 

Juab 2,034  Salt  Lake 18,337  Washington 3,0(54 

Kane 1,513 1 San  Pete 6,786'Weber  . . .: 7,858 

Total 86,786 

WASHINGTON— Area,    69,994  square  miles. 

Chehalis 401'Klikitat 329  Stevens 734 

Clallam 408, Lewis...-. 888  Thurston 2,246 

Clarke 3,081  Mason 289  Wahkiakum 270 

Cowlitz 730  Pacific 738.  Walla:  Walla 5,300 

Island 626  Pierce 1,409  >*hatcom 534 

Jefferson 1,268  Skamania 133  Yakima 432 

King 2,120  Snohomish 599 1  The  Disputed  Islands     554 

Kitsap 8661                       Total 23,955 

WYOMING— Area,    97,883  square  miles. 

Albany 2,021  Laramie 2,957|Uiutah 856 

Carbon 1,368  Sweetwater l,91fi|  Total 9,118 

The  total  for  the  States  is 38,113,253 

"         "       Territories  is 442,730 


Whole  total 38,555,983 


01 

New  York,  N.  Y... 
Philadelphia.  Pa. 
BrooklMi,  N.  Y... 
St.  Louis,   Mo  

Chicago.     Ill  

Hull  iiuoiv,    Md.  .  .  . 
Boston,    Mass  

98 

?E  HUNDRED  PRINCIPAL  CITIES. 

CENSUS    OF     I87O. 

.94'2,'2y>  Seranton,  Pa  :l5,0'.r2  Bridgeport,    Ct  
r.74,0±2  Heading,  Pa  'M.'.f.M   Krie    I'a 

..l!i,9UO 
19,646 

.896,099  Columbus,  <)  
.:ilo,8<i4  Patersou,   N.  J  
.  298,977  Dayton,  O  

.'2i'i7.:ir>4  Kansas   City,  Mo... 
.•2.'iO,.V2li  Mobile.    Ala  
•>lti  •':;«.l   Portland     Me 

33,509  Wheeling.  W.  Va.. 
•  Norfolk,  Va  
:«i.47:t  Tauntun,  Mass.... 
:t2,2C>(l  Chelsea,  Mass  
:i'2,0:»4   DubiKiue,  la  
:il,414  Leavenworth,    Kan 

30,841  1  Fort  Wayne,  Tiid.. 

2H.'.U1  SprinKiield,  111.   .. 

.  P.V2S-2 
.19,329 

.  .  IS.IVJ'.I 

.  .  18.547 
.  .  18,4:!4 
..17,873 
..17.718 
..17,364 

New  Orleans,   La  .  .  .  I!H  .4  1  H  Wilmington.   Pel... 
San    I'Yaucisco,  Cal.  Mil,  47:>  Lawrence,  Mass  
Hutlalo,  N.  Y  117.714  Toledo.  ()  

:M,."ih4    \uburn    N     V 

17  -1'2't 

Washington,  D.  G. 
Newark,  N.  J  
Louisville,  Ky  
Cleveland,   O  
Pittsburjr,  Pa  

.  Mi'.i.l'.i'.i  charleslown,  Mass. 
.1115,  O.V.I  Lynn,  Mass  
.  IH0.7.V!  Fall    Uiver,  Mass... 
..'.r-i.M'2'.l  SpriiiKtield.   Mass. 
.  .sr,,o7<;  Nashville,  Teim  

2s,:i2:i  Newbiirt,'.  N.  \  .... 
2«,2H:j  St.  .loseph,    MO.... 
2(i,7iiC>  petersbui-f,'.  \'a     . 

..17.014 
.P.»,.-)C,.-i 
18,960 

•2C..7o:{  Atlanta,  lia  
2">,HC..'>  Norwich,  Ct 

..31,789 
16,653 

.Jersey  City,  N.  J.  . 
Detroit,  Mich.   . 

..82,54(>  Covington,  Ky  

7'.».."i77  Salem,    Mass  

•J4."i(iri  Sacramento,  Cal... 
24,117  Omaha   Net) 

..16,383 

ir>  IIH:< 

Milwaukio,   \Vis.  .  . 
Alliauv    N.  Y   .. 

..71,440  Quiucy,  111  
(59,422  M^anchester,  N.  H  . 

24.1  ».•>:>  Elmira,  N.  V  

..16,863 
15,389 

Providence,  R.  I.  . 

<;x,'.HM  llarrislmrfr,  Pa  

•2:i.I04  Cohoes    N    V 

15  :i:n 

K'li'hester,  N.  Y.  .  . 

.  .r,-_>,:tsii  Trenton,  N.  J  

•2-2,874  New  Albany,  Ind   . 

l.-i  ll'.IC, 

Allegheny,  Pa  
Richmond,  Va  

...•1:1,1  so  Peoria,  111  
..."il.iKts  Kvansville,  Ind  

.-J-2,H4'.i  New  Brunswick,  N. 
•21,s:«l  Terre  Haute,  [ml.. 
•21,:f2(l  Haii"or     Me 

..16,103 

18  •»,S'.I 

New  Haven,  Ct  

:>n  sio  New  Bedford,  Mass 

Charleston,  8.  0.. 
Troy,  N   Y     . 

..IS.'.I.M;  OSWCRO,   N.  Y  
1C,  4r,r>  Elizabeth,  N.  J  

20,910  Newport,    Kv  I'..o,s7 
20.«:t2  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.ir...lo7 
20,033  Augusta,   Ga    ir>.:ts!> 

Syracuse,  N.  Y  
Worcester,   Mass.. 

.  .-Ci.o.'il   Lancaster,  Pa  
..ll.lo'i  Savannah,  Ga  
ln.'.us  Hoboken,  N.  J  

•28,'2:t.'i  Burlington,  Vt  
•20,2!I7  Alexandria,  Va  
•-'O.KSO  Sanduskv,    O  
•2(1,04.-.  Lewiston",  Me  
30,036 
20,031 

..14,387 

.  .l:!,.->7o 
.  .i:i,(M«i 
..13,(iOO 

Memphis,  Teim.  .. 
Cambridge.  Mass. 
Hartford    Ct 

.  .40.TJI;  PoilK)ikee]isie,N.  Y.. 
..:t!»,(;:t4  Camden,  N.  J  
:I7  IMO  Davenport,  la  

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

:;(!,.•)(!,•)  St.  1'aul,  Minn  , 

LUCK    AT  LAST. 


You  think  I'm  nervous,  stranger  ?    Well,  I  am. 
If  'twa'n't  for  making  silly  people  talk, 
I'd  get  right  off  this  pokish  train  and  walk 

From  here  to  where  I'm  going— Amsterdam. 

That's  where  I  live,  you  see.  As  for  Lacrosse— 
(Excuse  me,  neighbor,  I  must  talk  or  bust) — 
Since  I've  been  there  it's  three  years  certain,  just : 

And  now  to  laugh  or  cry  is  just  a  toss. 

"  Married?"    Why,  yes,  that's  where  it  is,  you  see  ; 

I've  telegraphed  her  I  was  strong  and  well, 

And  coming  to  her  ;  but  I  didn't  tell 
That  I  was  rich.    I  thought  I'd  let  that  be. 

It's  too  good  luck,  this  is.  to  last,  you  know, 
And,  stranger,  if  I  wasn't  kind  of  rash, 
I'd  bet  my  bottom  dollar  that  we  smash 

Before — but,  pshaw,  excuse  me,  111  go  slow. 

You  see,  when  we  were  married,  Sue  and  I, 

I  was  a  good  mechanic,  and  not  poor 

Until  I  struck  it,  as  I  reckoned,  sure, 
In  an  invention  I  was  working  sly. 

All  I  could  make  went  into  that  concern  ; 
And  people  called  me  crazy  for  it  too, 
And  said  I'd  better  stick  to  what  I  knew  ; 

But  folks  will  talk,  and  have  lived  to  learn. 

In  all  this  world  I  had  but  one  friend  then, 
But  she  stood  by  me  nobly,  through  and  through, 
And  said  'twould  come  out  right  at  last,  she  knew— 

One  woman  staunch  is  worth  a  dozen  men. 

'Twas  tough,  sometimes,  though,  when  a  loaf  of  bread 
Stood  on  the  table— all  the  meal  we  had — 


100 

1  should  have  gone  iilono,  quite,  to  Die  bad 
But,  through  it  all,  my  Susan  kept  her  head 

"I'was  her  advice  that  sent  me  oil'  at  last   - 
She  said  she'd  work  her  tinkers  to  the-  bom  , 
And  live  for  twenty  mortal  years  alone, 

Kather  tliiiu  give  it  up— thank  God,  that's  past. 

A  hundred  thousand  and  a  royalty 

Is  what  I've  got  for  going  far  away  ; 

She  cheered  me  by  her  letters  every  day ; 
A  million  could  not  pay  such  loyalty  ! 

She  knows  I'm  coming;  but  she  doesn't  know 
That  I  am  rich  ;  and  she  will  be  there,  too, 
Dressed  in  her  best^-her  best,  my  poor,  dear  Sue  ; 

I'll  bet  a  hundred  'twill  be  calico  ! 

"  /'//  dress  her  now  ?"    You  l>ct  it !— but  go  slow, 
This  luck's  a  heap  too  good  to  last,  I  fear ; 
I  shan't  believe  it  till  I'm  fairly  there  ; 

The  train  may  smash  up,  easy,  yet,  you  know. 

The  only  reason,  if  it  don't,  will  be 
That  I'm  so  strongly  thinking  that  it  will. 
I'm  nervous,  say  you  ?    Just  a  little,  still 

The  luck  is  none  too  good  for  Sue,  you  see. 

Hello  !  we're  here  !— there's  Sue,  by  all  that's  grand. 

Stranger,  excuse  me,  sir,  but  would  you  mind 

To  go  ahead  and  tell  her  I'm  behind  ? 
I'm  choking:  see  my  eyes — you  understand. 

JiiiK'ni-illi'  (If'/x.)  (lazettf. 


PEIITE1S'  WABI 


75  FULTON  ST.,  NEW  YORK. 


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WM.    EDGAR    SIMONDS, 

A  T1  T o  ii  >:  K  v    A  ^P    i,.  A  w , 

345  MAIN  STMJEJET,   HARTFOMD,  CONN. 

SOLICITOR     OF 

AMEEICAN  AID  IWE1OT  PATENTS. 


The  writer  of  this  work,  originally  prompted 
to  this  profession  by  natural  tastes,  and  harin.g 
enjoyed  thorough  scientific  and  legal  training 
tlierefor,  has  been  engaged,  for  the  past  ,s7.r 
years,  in  soliciting  letters  patent  for  inventions, 
in  all  the  patent  granting  countries  of  the  worlil , 
and  in  the  conduct  of  patent  cases  in  the-  Vni- 
ted  States  Courts,  with  a  measure  of  success  at 
once  surprising  and  gratifying. 

It  has  been  his  aim,  in  each  case  he  I  ins 
talcen  before  the  Patent  Office,  to  secure  for  ihe 
inventor  all  he  was  entitled  to,  sparing  no  JHI'UIX 
to  attain  this  end.  He  believes  that  lie  a  in 
safely  refer,  upon  this  point,  to  each  one  of  I  lie 
hundreds  of  inventors  for  whom  he  has  acted. 

While  the  records  of  the  Patent  Office  si  ton- 
that  fully  one  third  of  all  the  applications 


103 

made  for  patents  are  finally  rejected,  the  pro- 
portion of  final  rejections  upon  applications 
jnade  through  this  office,  will  hardly  amount  to 
one  tenth.  All  specifications,  and  other  papers 
for  foreign  patents,  have  been  fully  completed, 
ready  for  filing  in  the  office  for  ivhich  they 
were  designed,  lender  his  own  hand— barring , 
sometimes,  a  translation — and  in  his  own  office, 
the  significance  of  which  statement  can  only  be 
fully  appreciated  by  a  solicitor. 

As  in  the  past,  so  in  t^^e  future,  it  will  be 
his  aim  to  render  a  perfect  service  to  inventors, 
as  regards  skill,  promptness,  and  fidelity,  striv- 
ing to  maJce  each  case,  as  it  comes  under  his 
hand,  more  perfect,  if  possible,  than  the  last. 

All  businecs  connected  ivith  preliminary  ex- 
aminations, caveats,  applications  for  patents, 
reissues,  interferences,  extensions,  disclaimers, 
appeals,  assignments,  contracts,  searches,  opin- 
ions, infringements,  or  other  patent  matters  what- 
soever, he  contracts  to  do  in  the  same  manner. 
As  most  inventors  find,  sooner  or  later,  good 
work  in  patent  matters  is  worth  everything,  poor 
work  worse  than  worthless. 

The  writer  does  not  offer  himself  as  a  com- 
petitor, in  the  matter  of  prices,  with  those  solic- 
itors who  take  work  on  any  terms  they  can  get, 
yet  lie  knows  that  his  charges  are  much  less 


104 

than  those  of  other  solicitors  who  are  competent 
to  perform,  and  do  perform  the  same  quality  of 
work. 

He  will  be  pleased,  upon  request  made,  to 
forward  a  pamphlet  circular,  which  is  explicit 
in  tlie  -matter  of  terms,  etc.,  both  for  home  ami 
foreign  patents- 

If  you  have  a  difficult  or  rejected  case,  you 
are  invited  to  submit  it  for  his  opinion  as  to 
the  chances  of  success,  which  opinion  will  be 
given,  usually,  without  charge,  and  a  fee  named 
upon  which  the  case  will  be  undertaken. 

With  reference  to  suits  at  law  upon  pat- 
ents, attention  is  drawn  to  the  following  pro- 
fessional card  : 


m±» 
ATTORNEY    AT    LAW, 


hi  il;c  \L  %  (j  carts. 

CP          *T 


PATENT    CASES    A    SPECIALTY. 


ERRATA. 


On  page  12,  line  2,  the  words  "  as  low  "  should  follow  the 
word  "fixed."  * 

On  page  25,  line  10,  ''proportion"  should  read  "proposi- 
tion." 

On  page  47,  under  head  of  "  Undivided  Interests,"  the 
words  "  that  it  is  probably  lawful,"  should  be  inserted  immedi- 
ately after  the  word  "  understand,"  in  line  2. 

On  page  48,  line  15,  the  word   "  USE,"  should   follow  the 

word  "  MAKE." 

On  page  74,  line  9,  omit  the  word  "  such." 


INDEX. 


PACE. 

Assignments  and  Grants 4JJ 

"      Forms  for 45 — 49 

Advertising,  Newspaper 24 

Agents,   Itinerant 28 

Articles  of  Association,  Form  for f>4 

About  Solicitors 74 

Brokers,  Patent 7 

Cost,  First,  of  making  Patented  Article 10 

Capital  Kequired^jn  Working  Patent 14 

Circular,  Form  for,  Describing  Patent '20 

Companies,   Stock 29 

Census  of  the  United  States 81—  98 

"     —States  in  alphabetical  order 81—  96 

"     — Territories  in     "  "      97 

"     — One  hundred  principal  cities 98 

Errata 105 

Forms — 

For  Assignments 45 — 48 

For  Articles  of  Association .-. 54 

For  Advertisements 25,  27 

For  Descriptive  Circular 20 

For  Grants 48 

For  Licenses 49 — 53 

For  Letter,  offering  to  sell  Patent 23 

For  Mortgage ._., 64 

For  Power  of  Attorney  to  sell  Rights 59 — 63 

"         Revocation  of 63 

"  "         Agreement  to  Accompany 61 

For  Protective  Memorandum 73 

For  Transfer  of  Trade  Mark 64 

Grants,  Assignments  and 43 

"       Form  for 48 

How  to  Work  a  Specialty 31 

Itinerant  Agents 28 

Interests,  Undivided 47 

Invent,  How  to 69 

Invention,  Principal  Requisites  of  an 70 

Invention  as  a  Trade 72 

Inventions,  Small 71 

Joint  Stock  Companies 29 

"         '•  "         Form  for  Articles  of  Association  of 54 

Letter,  offering  Patent  for  Sale 93 


107 

Licenses -49 

"        Forms  of,  etc 49—53 

Luck  at  Last 99 

Models 9 

Market,  The,  for  an  Invention 12 

Mortgage  of  Patents 64 

"      Form  for 64 

Newspaper  Advertising 24 

Offering  the  Patent,  to  Whom,  How 19 

Preliminary  remarks 5 

Patent  Brokers 7 

Prerequisites  to  undertaking  Sale 9 

Profit,  The,  on  an  Invention 11 

Price  to  be  asked  for  the  Patent 14 

Parts  of  a  Patent,  Value  of  the 15 

Personal  Solicitation 26 

Power  of  Attorney,  Forms  for,  etc 59 — 64 

Principal  Requisites  of  an  Invention 70 

Protection,  Cheap  and  Efficient 73 

Royalties 17 

"        Forms  for  License,  with 50 — 53 

Shop  Rights 1C 

"         "     Forms  for 49,  50 

Solicitation,  Personal 26 

Stock  Companies 29 

Specialty,  How  to  Work  a 31 

Small  Inventions 71 

Solicitors,  About 74. 

To  Whom  to  Offer  the  Patent,  and  How  to  Offer  It 19 

Transfer  of  Trade  Mark,  Form  for 54 

Undivided  Interests 47 

Value  of  Parts  of  a  Patent 15 


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